Turing Award - definition. What is Turing Award
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COMPUTER SCIENCE AWARD
ACM Turing Award; Turing award; Turing Award Laureate; Turing Award laureates; List of Turing Award laureates; Turing Awards; Turing Prize; A. M. Turing Award; A.M. Turing Award; Alan turing award; Acm Turing award; A M Turing Award; List of Turing Award winners; List of Turing Award recipients
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Alan Turing         
  • [[King's College, Cambridge]], where Turing was an undergraduate in 1931 and became a Fellow in 1935. The computer room is named after him.
  • Hampton]]
  • The [[Alan Turing Building]] at the University of Manchester in 2008
  • Turing's OBE currently held in [[Sherborne School]] archives
  • A working replica of a [[bombe]] now at [[The National Museum of Computing]] on Bletchley Park
  • Turing memorial statue plaque in [[Sackville Park]], Manchester
  • url-status=live }}</ref>
  • Two cottages in the stable yard at [[Bletchley Park]]. Turing worked here in 1939 and 1940, before moving to [[Hut 8]].
  • Turing on July 1930, during his senior year at the Sherbone School. At the end of the term, Turing received the inaugural Cristopher Morcom prize.
  • Turing in 1935, at his parents' home garden.
ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN AND COMPUTER SCIENTIST (1912–1954)
Turing, A.M.; Alan Mathison Turing; Alan M. Turing; A. M. Turing; Alan turing; Alan Turning; Allan Turing; Allen Touring; A. Turing; Christopher Morcom; Turing; Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS
<person> Alan M. Turing, 1912-06-22/3? - 1954-06-07. A British mathematician, inventor of the Turing Machine. Turing also proposed the Turing test. Turing's work was fundamental in the theoretical foundations of computer science. Turing was a student and fellow of King's College Cambridge and was a graduate student at Princeton University from 1936 to 1938. While at Princeton Turing published "On Computable Numbers", a paper in which he conceived an abstract machine, now called a Turing Machine. Turing returned to England in 1938 and during World War II, he worked in the British Foreign Office. He masterminded operations at Bletchley Park, UK which were highly successful in cracking the Nazis "Enigma" codes during World War II. Some of his early advances in computer design were inspired by the need to perform many repetitive symbolic manipulations quickly. Before the building of the Colossus computer this work was done by a roomful of women. In 1945 he joined the National Physical Laboratory in London and worked on the design and construction of a large computer, named Automatic Computing Engine (ACE). In 1949 Turing became deputy director of the Computing Laboratory at Manchester where the Manchester Automatic Digital Machine, the worlds largest memory computer, was being built. He also worked on theories of artificial intelligence, and on the application of mathematical theory to biological forms. In 1952 he published the first part of his theoretical study of morphogenesis, the development of pattern and form in living organisms. Turing was gay, and died rather young under mysterious circumstances. He was arrested for violation of British homosexuality statutes in 1952. He died of potassium cyanide poisoning while conducting electrolysis experiments. An inquest concluded that it was self-administered but it is now thought by some to have been an accident. There is an excellent biography of Turing by Andrew Hodges, subtitled "The Enigma of Intelligence" and a play based on it called "Breaking the Code". There was also a popular summary of his work in Douglas Hofstadter's book "Godel, Escher, Bach". http://AlanTuring.net/. (2001-10-09)
Alan Turing         
  • [[King's College, Cambridge]], where Turing was an undergraduate in 1931 and became a Fellow in 1935. The computer room is named after him.
  • Hampton]]
  • The [[Alan Turing Building]] at the University of Manchester in 2008
  • Turing's OBE currently held in [[Sherborne School]] archives
  • A working replica of a [[bombe]] now at [[The National Museum of Computing]] on Bletchley Park
  • Turing memorial statue plaque in [[Sackville Park]], Manchester
  • url-status=live }}</ref>
  • Two cottages in the stable yard at [[Bletchley Park]]. Turing worked here in 1939 and 1940, before moving to [[Hut 8]].
  • Turing on July 1930, during his senior year at the Sherbone School. At the end of the term, Turing received the inaugural Cristopher Morcom prize.
  • Turing in 1935, at his parents' home garden.
ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN AND COMPUTER SCIENTIST (1912–1954)
Turing, A.M.; Alan Mathison Turing; Alan M. Turing; A. M. Turing; Alan turing; Alan Turning; Allan Turing; Allen Touring; A. Turing; Christopher Morcom; Turing; Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS

Alan Mathison Turing (; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist. Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer. He is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.

Born in Maida Vale, London, Turing was raised in southern England. He graduated at King's College, Cambridge, with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a fellow at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation and defined a Turing machine, and went on to prove that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable. In 1938, he obtained his PhD from the Department of Mathematics at Princeton University. During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence. For a time he led Hut 8, the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Axis powers in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic.

After the war, Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he designed the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory, at the Victoria University of Manchester, where he helped develop the Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, first observed in the 1960s. Despite these accomplishments, Turing was never fully recognised in Britain during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act.

Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts. He accepted hormone treatment with DES, a procedure commonly referred to as chemical castration, as an alternative to prison. Turing died on 7 June 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning. Following a public campaign in 2009, the British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way [Turing] was treated". Queen Elizabeth II granted a posthumous pardon in 2013. The term "Alan Turing law" is now used informally to refer to a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts.

Turing has an extensive legacy with statues of him and many things named after him, including an annual award for computer science innovations. He appears on the current Bank of England £50 note, which was released on 23 June 2021, to coincide with his birthday. A 2019 BBC series, as voted by the audience, named him the greatest person of the 20th century.

Turing pattern         
  • An example of a natural Turing pattern on a [[giant pufferfish]]
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  • Three examples of Turing patterns
  • bifurcation]] pattern
HOW PATTERNS IN NATURE, SUCH AS STRIPES AND SPOTS, CAN ARISE NATURALLY AND AUTONOMOUSLY FROM A HOMOGENEOUS, UNIFORM STATE
Turing patterns; Turing Patterns; Turing Pattern; Turing reaction–diffusion system; Turing reaction-diffusion system
The Turing pattern is a concept introduced by English mathematician Alan Turing in a 1952 paper titled "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis" which describes how patterns in nature, such as stripes and spots, can arise naturally and autonomously from a homogeneous, uniform state.

ويكيبيديا

Turing Award

The ACM A. M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for contributions of lasting and major technical importance to computer science. It is generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science and is colloquially known as or often referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Computing".

The award is named after Alan Turing, who was a British mathematician and reader in mathematics at the University of Manchester. Turing is often credited as being the key founder of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. From 2007 to 2013, the award was accompanied by an additional prize of US$250,000, with financial support provided by Intel and Google. Since 2014, the award has been accompanied by a prize of US$1 million, with financial support provided by Google.

The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis, of Carnegie Mellon University. The first female recipient was Frances E. Allen of IBM in 2006. The latest recipient, in 2022, is Robert Metcalfe for inventing Ethernet.