genetic engineering - definition. What is genetic engineering
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DIRECT MANIPULATION OF AN ORGANISM'S GENOME USING BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • ''[[A. tumefaciens]]'' attaching itself to a carrot cell
  • Products of genetic engineering
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  • Human cells in which some proteins are fused with [[green fluorescent protein]] to allow them to be visualised
  • A gene gun uses [[biolistics]] to insert DNA into plant tissue.
  • In 1974 [[Rudolf Jaenisch]] created a [[genetically modified mouse]], the first GM animal.
  • [[Polymerase chain reaction]] is a powerful tool used in [[molecular cloning]].
  • Knockout mice]]

genetic engineering         
¦ noun the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
genetic engineering         
Genetic engineering is the science or activity of changing the genetic structure of an animal, plant, or other organism in order to make it stronger or more suitable for a particular purpose.
Scientists have used genetic engineering to protect tomatoes against the effects of freezing.
N-UNCOUNT
Genetic engineering         
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms.

ويكيبيديا

Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA. A construct is usually created and used to insert this DNA into the host organism. The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1972 by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with the lambda virus. As well as inserting genes, the process can be used to remove, or "knock out", genes. The new DNA can be inserted randomly, or targeted to a specific part of the genome.

An organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be genetically modified (GM) and the resulting entity is a genetically modified organism (GMO). The first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973. Rudolf Jaenisch created the first GM animal when he inserted foreign DNA into a mouse in 1974. The first company to focus on genetic engineering, Genentech, was founded in 1976 and started the production of human proteins. Genetically engineered human insulin was produced in 1978 and insulin-producing bacteria were commercialised in 1982. Genetically modified food has been sold since 1994, with the release of the Flavr Savr tomato. The Flavr Savr was engineered to have a longer shelf life, but most current GM crops are modified to increase resistance to insects and herbicides. GloFish, the first GMO designed as a pet, was sold in the United States in December 2003. In 2016 salmon modified with a growth hormone were sold.

Genetic engineering has been applied in numerous fields including research, medicine, industrial biotechnology and agriculture. In research, GMOs are used to study gene function and expression through loss of function, gain of function, tracking and expression experiments. By knocking out genes responsible for certain conditions it is possible to create animal model organisms of human diseases. As well as producing hormones, vaccines and other drugs, genetic engineering has the potential to cure genetic diseases through gene therapy. The same techniques that are used to produce drugs can also have industrial applications such as producing enzymes for laundry detergent, cheeses and other products.

The rise of commercialised genetically modified crops has provided economic benefit to farmers in many different countries, but has also been the source of most of the controversy surrounding the technology. This has been present since its early use; the first field trials were destroyed by anti-GM activists. Although there is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, critics consider GM food safety a leading concern. Gene flow, impact on non-target organisms, control of the food supply and intellectual property rights have also been raised as potential issues. These concerns have led to the development of a regulatory framework, which started in 1975. It has led to an international treaty, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, that was adopted in 2000. Individual countries have developed their own regulatory systems regarding GMOs, with the most marked differences occurring between the US and Europe.

أمثلة من مجموعة نصية لـ٪ 1
1. And it doesn‘t involve genetic engineering," said Wu.
2. But Bruinius aptly points out that genetic engineering is something to be watched.
3. "Creating organisms with whole chromosomes from another species is genetic engineering taken to another level.
4. Evogene develops technology to locate DNA sequences, to improve characteristics of crops though genetic engineering.
5. He has formed a biotechnology company called Chlorogen to apply his work in chloroplast genetic engineering.