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ORGANIZATIONS THAT FOUGHT AGAINST NAZI GERMAN OCCUPATION AND COLLABORATIONIST RULE IN FRANCE
French resistance; French Underground Resistance; French resistance movement; La Resistance; Résistance; La Rèsistance; French Liberation Movement; Resistance (France); French Résistance; La Résistance française; French communist resistance; French Resistance during World War II; La Résistance; Free French partisans; French partisans; French resistants; "French resistants"; French resistance during World War II; French internal resistance; French internal Resistance; Épuration; Épurations
  • "Nicole Minet"]], a French Partisan who captured 25 Nazis in the Chartres area (August 1944).
  • French forces]] since 1939
  • [[USAAF]] [[B-17 Flying Fortress]]es dropping supplies to the [[Maquis du Vercors]] in 1944.
  • Women accused of collaboration with their heads shaved.
  • ''Resistant'' prisoners in France, 1940
  • Communist]] prisoner in France, July 1944
  • ''Resistant'' prisoners in France, July 1944
  • French [[milice]] and résistants, July 1944
  • German military and résistants, in [[Brittany]], July, 1944.
  • German military and résistants, July, 1944.
  • p=169}}
  • 2nd Armoured Division]] parading after the [[Battle for Paris]], August 1944.
  • The 30 September 1943 issue of the Resistance newspaper, ''[[Défense de la France]]''
  • An FFI fighter
  • Battle of Normandy]] in 1944.
  • Free French]]
  • Free French Generals [[Henri Giraud]] (''left'') and Charles de Gaulle sit down after shaking hands in the presence of [[Franklin Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] at the [[Casablanca Conference]], on 14 January 1943.
  • French resistance fighters in Paris at the Hotel de Ville, 1944.
  • Resistants from [[Huelgoat]].
  • Antisemitic laws proclaimed in 1940
  • Identity document of French Resistance fighter Lucien Pélissou
  • A volunteer of the French Resistance interior force (FFI) at [[Châteaudun]] in 1944.
  • Boulogne]], in September 1944.
  • Veterans of the resistance raise flags at the annual commemoration ceremony of [[Canjuers]] military camp.
  • Limousin region]] of the ''[[Massif Central]]''
  • [[Ariadna Scriabina]], (daughter of Russian composer [[Alexander Scriabin]]), co-founded the Armée Juive and was killed by the pro-Nazi [[milice]] in 1944. She was posthumously awarded the Croix de guerre and Médaille de la Resistance.
  • Artist's impression of a meeting of the PCF (Parti communiste français) central committee at [[Longjumeau]], 1943. Left to right: [[Benoît Frachon]], Auguste Lecoeur, [[Jacques Duclos]] and [[Charles Tillon]].
  • [[Dimitri Amilakhvari]] with Free France legionnaires in French [[Morocco]], 1941
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resistance         
WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE
Resistance (biology); Resistance (album); Resistence; Resistance (disambiguation); Resistance (novel); Resisting; Biological resistance; Resisted; Resistant; Resistance (film); Political resistance; Resistance (series)
n.
1.
Opposition.
2.
Rebuff, check, hindrance.
Resistance         
WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE
Resistance (biology); Resistance (album); Resistence; Resistance (disambiguation); Resistance (novel); Resisting; Biological resistance; Resisted; Resistant; Resistance (film); Political resistance; Resistance (series)
(a) The quality of an electric conductor, in virtue of which it opposes the passage of an electric current, causing the disappearance of electro-motive force if a current passes through it, and converting electric energy into heat energy in the passage of a current through it. If a current passes through a conductor of uniform resistance there is a uniform fall of potential all along its length. If of uneven resistance the fall in potential varies with the resistance. (See Potential, Fall of.) The fall of potential is thus expressed by Daniell. "In a conductor, say a wire, along which a current is steadily and uniformly passing, there is no internal accumulation of electricity, no density of internal distribution; there is, on the other hand, an unequally distributed charge of electricity on the surface of the wire, which results in a potential diminishing within the wire from one end of the wire to the other." Resistance varies inversely with the cross section of a cylindrical or prismatic conductor, in general with the average cross-section of any conductor, and in the same sense directly with its true or average or virtual length. It varies for different substances, and for different conditions as of temperature and pressure for the same substance. A rise of temperature in metals increases the resistance, in some bad conductors a rise of temperature decreases the resistance. Approximately, with the exception of iron and mercury, the resistance of a metallic conductor varies with the absolute temperature. This is very roughly approximate. Except for resistance energy would not be expended in maintaining a current through a circuit. The resistance of a conductor may be supposed to have its seat and cause in the jumps from molecule to molecule, which the current has to take in going through it. If so a current confined to a molecule would, if once started, persist because there would be no resistance in a molecule. Hence on this theory the Ampérian currents (see Magnetism, Ampere's Theory of) would require no energy for their maintenance and Ampére's theory would become a possible truth. When metals melt their resistance suddenly increases. Light rays falling on some substances, notably selenium, q. v., vary the resistance. Longitudinal stretching of a conductor decreases it, it increases with longitudinal compression, and increases in iron and diminishes in tin and zinc when a transverse stress tends to widen the conductor. (b) The term resistance is used to express any object or conductor used in circuit to develop resistance. [Transcriber's note: At room temperatures, the thermal motion of ions in the conductor's crystal lattice scatters the electrons of the current. Imperfections of the lattice contribute slightly. At low temperatures superconductivity (zero resistance) can occur because an energy gap between the electrons and the crystal lattice prevents any interaction. At the time of this book, none of this was known. "Jumps from molecule to molecule" is a good guess.]
Resistance         
WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE
Resistance (biology); Resistance (album); Resistence; Resistance (disambiguation); Resistance (novel); Resisting; Biological resistance; Resisted; Resistant; Resistance (film); Political resistance; Resistance (series)
·noun A means or method of resisting; that which resists.
II. Resistance ·noun The act of resisting; opposition, passive or active.
III. Resistance ·noun The quality of not yielding to force or external pressure; that power of a body which acts in opposition to the impulse or pressure of another, or which prevents the effect of another power; as, the resistance of the air to a body passing through it; the resistance of a target to projectiles.
IV. Resistance ·noun A certain hindrance or opposition to the passage of an electrical current or discharge offered by conducting bodies. It bears an inverse relation to the conductivity, - good conductors having a small resistance, while poor conductors or insulators have a very high resistance. The unit of resistance is the ohm.

ويكيبيديا

French Resistance

The French Resistance (French: La Résistance) was a collection of organizations that fought the Nazi occupation of France and the collaborationist Vichy régime during the Second World War. Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the Maquis in rural areas) who conducted guerrilla warfare and published underground newspapers. They also provided first-hand intelligence information, and escape networks that helped Allied soldiers and airmen trapped behind enemy lines. The Resistance's men and women came from many different parts of French society, including émigrés, academics, students, aristocrats, conservative Roman Catholics (including clergy), Protestants, Jews, Muslims, liberals, anarchists, communists, and some fascists. The number of French people participating in the organized resistance is estimated at from one to three percent of the total population.

The French Resistance played a significant role in facilitating the Allies' rapid advance through France following the invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944. Members provided military intelligence on German defences known as the Atlantic Wall, and on Wehrmacht deployments and orders of battle for the Allies' invasion of Provence on 15 August. The Resistance also planned, coordinated, and executed sabotage acts on electrical power grids, transport facilities, and telecommunications networks. The Resistance's work was politically and morally important to France during and after the German occupation. The actions of the Resistance contrasted with the collaborationism of the Vichy régime.

After the Allied landings in Normandy and Provence, the paramilitary components of the Resistance received formal organization, forming a hierarchy of operational units known as the French Forces of the Interior (FFI). There were around 100,000 fighters in June 1944. By October 1944, the FFI had grown to 400,000 members. Although the amalgamation of the FFI was sometimes fraught with political difficulties, it was ultimately successful, and allowed France to rebuild the fourth-largest army in the European theatre (1.2 million men) by VE Day in May 1945.

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