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Was (wer) ist Spongiae - definition
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![Spice Bazaar at Istanbul]], Turkey)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2008.09-331-196ap Sponge gourd,pd Spice Bazaar@Istanbul,TR mon29sep2008-1315h.jpg?width=200 "Spice Bazaar at Istanbul]], Turkey)")
![comb jelly]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bathocyroe fosteri.jpg?width=200 "comb jelly]]")
![pmc=7751429 }}</ref> Demosponge ''[[Samus anonymus]]'' (up to 50 m), [[hexactinellid]] ''Scleroplegma lanterna'' (~100–600 m), hexactinellid ''Aulocalyx irregularis'' (~550–915 m), lithistid demosponge ''Neoaulaxinia persicum'' (~500–1700 m)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bathymetrical range of selected sponge species.jpg?width=200 "pmc=7751429 }}</ref> Demosponge ''[[Samus anonymus]]'' (up to 50 m), [[hexactinellid]] ''Scleroplegma lanterna'' (~100–600 m), hexactinellid ''Aulocalyx irregularis'' (~550–915 m), lithistid demosponge ''Neoaulaxinia persicum'' (~500–1700 m)")
![Holes made by clionaid sponge (producing the trace ''[[Entobia]]'') after the death of a modern bivalve shell of species ''[[Mercenaria mercenaria]]'', from [[North Carolina]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BoredEncrustedShell.JPG?width=200 "Holes made by clionaid sponge (producing the trace ''[[Entobia]]'') after the death of a modern bivalve shell of species ''[[Mercenaria mercenaria]]'', from [[North Carolina]]")
![[[Choanosyncitium]] and collar bodies showing interior}}](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Euplectella 01.png?width=200 "[[Choanosyncitium]] and collar bodies showing interior}}")
![m}} off the coast of [[California]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Euplectella aspergillum (cropped).jpg?width=200 "m}} off the coast of [[California]]")
![50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Generalised food web for sponge reefs.jpg?width=200 "50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>")
![''Halichondria'' produces the [[eribulin]] precursor [[halichondrin B]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Halichondria and Eribulin.jpg?width=200 "''Halichondria'' produces the [[eribulin]] precursor [[halichondrin B]]")
![''Raphidonema faringdonense'', a fossil sponge from the [[Cretaceous]] of England](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Raphidonema faringdonense 070715a.jpg?width=200 "''Raphidonema faringdonense'', a fossil sponge from the [[Cretaceous]] of England")
![-1}} of water. Included are the yellow tube sponge, ''[[Aplysina fistularis]]'', the purple vase sponge, ''[[Niphates digitalis]]'', the red encrusting sponge, ''[[Spirastrella coccinea]]'', and the gray rope sponge, ''[[Callyspongia]]'' sp.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Reef3859 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg?width=200 "-1}} of water. Included are the yellow tube sponge, ''[[Aplysina fistularis]]'', the purple vase sponge, ''[[Niphates digitalis]]'', the red encrusting sponge, ''[[Spirastrella coccinea]]'', and the gray rope sponge, ''[[Callyspongia]]'' sp.")
![50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref><ref>Rix L, de Goeij JM, van Oevelen D, Struck U, Al-Horani FA, Wild C and Naumann MS (2017) "Differential recycling of coral and algal dissolved organic matter via the sponge loop". ''Funct Ecol'', '''31''': 778−789.</ref><ref>de Goeij JM, van Oevelen D, Vermeij MJA, Osinga R, Middelburg JJ, de Goeij AFPM and Admiraal W (2013) "Surviving in a marine desert: the sponge loop retains resources within coral reefs". ''Science'', '''342''': 108−110.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sponge loop pathway.png?width=200 "50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref><ref>Rix L, de Goeij JM, van Oevelen D, Struck U, Al-Horani FA, Wild C and Naumann MS (2017) \"Differential recycling of coral and algal dissolved organic matter via the sponge loop\". ''Funct Ecol'', '''31''': 778−789.</ref><ref>de Goeij JM, van Oevelen D, Vermeij MJA, Osinga R, Middelburg JJ, de Goeij AFPM and Admiraal W (2013) \"Surviving in a marine desert: the sponge loop retains resources within coral reefs\". ''Science'', '''342''': 108−110.</ref>")
![Display of natural sponges for sale on [[Kalymnos]] in [[Greece]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sponges.JPG?width=200 "Display of natural sponges for sale on [[Kalymnos]] in [[Greece]]")
![Natural sponges in [[Tarpon Springs]], [[Florida]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SpongesTarponSprings.jpg?width=200 "Natural sponges in [[Tarpon Springs]], [[Florida]]")
![''[[Spongia officinalis]]'', "the kitchen sponge", is dark grey when alive.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Spongia officinalis.jpg?width=200 "''[[Spongia officinalis]]'', \"the kitchen sponge\", is dark grey when alive.")
![The freshwater sponge ''[[Spongilla lacustris]]''](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Spongilla lacustris.jpg?width=200 "The freshwater sponge ''[[Spongilla lacustris]]''")
![50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> (DOM: [[dissolved organic matter]], POM: [[particulate organic matter]], DIN: dissolved inorganic nitrogen)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The sponge holobiont.webp?width=200 "50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> (DOM: [[dissolved organic matter]], POM: [[particulate organic matter]], DIN: dissolved inorganic nitrogen)")
![''[[Euplectella aspergillum]]'', a [[glass sponge]] known as "Venus' flower basket"](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Venus Flower Basket.jpg?width=200 "''[[Euplectella aspergillum]]'', a [[glass sponge]] known as \"Venus' flower basket\"")
Wikipedia
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Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells.
Sponges have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have complex nervous, digestive or circulatory systems like humans. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes. Sponges were the first to branch off the evolutionary tree from the last common ancestor of all animals, making them the sister group of all other animals.
