hard links - Definition. Was ist hard links
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Was (wer) ist hard links - definition

DIRECTORY ENTRY THAT ASSOCIATES A NAME WITH A FILE
Hard Link; Hard links; Hard linking; Hard-linked
  • An illustration of the concept of hard linking
  • Simplified illustration of hard links on typical Unix filesystem. Note that files "A" and "D" both point to same index entry in filesystem's [[inode]] table, making its reference count 2.

hard linking         
hard link         
<file system> One of several directory entries which refer to the same Unix file. A hard link is created with the "ln" (link) command: ln <old name> <new name> where <old name> and <new name> are pathnames within the same file system. Hard links to the same file are indistinguishable from each other except that they have different pathnames. They all refer to the same inode and the inode contains all the information about a file. The standard ln command does not usually allow you to create a hard link to a directory, chiefly because the standard rm and rmdir commands do not allow you to delete such a link. Some systems provide link and unlink commands which give direct access to the system calls of the same name, for which no such restrictions apply. Normally all hard links to a file must be in the same {file system} because a directory entry just relates a pathname to an inode within the same file system. The only exception is a mount point. The restrictions on hard links to directories and between file systems are very common but are not mandated by POSIX. Symbolic links are often used instead of hard links because they do not suffer from these restrictions. The space associated with a file is not freed until all the hard links to the file are deleted. This explains why the system call to delete a file is called "unlink". Microsoft Windows NTFS supports hard links via the fsutil command. Unix manual page: ln(1). http://microsoft.com/windowsxp/home/using/productdoc/en/fsutil_hardlink.asp. (2004-02-24)
Hard link         
In computing, a hard link is a directory entry (in a directory-based file system) that associates a name with a file. Thus, each file must have at least one hard link.

Wikipedia

Hard link

In computing, a hard link is a directory entry (in a directory-based file system) that associates a name with a file. Thus, each file must have at least one hard link. Creating additional hard links for a file makes the contents of that file accessible via additional paths (i.e., via different names or in different directories). This causes an alias effect: a process can open the file by any one of its paths and change its content. By contrast, a soft link or “shortcut” to a file is not a direct link to the data itself, but rather a reference to a hard link or another soft link.

Every directory is itself a special file, only it contains a list of file names. Hence, multiple hard links to directories are possible, which could create a circular directory structure, rather than a branching structure like a tree. For that reason, some file systems forbid the creation of hard links to directories.

POSIX-compliant operating systems, such as Linux, Android, macOS, and the Windows NT family, support multiple hard links to the same file, depending on the file system. For instance, NTFS and ReFS support hard links, while FAT does not.