Semi-Automatic Ground Environment - Definition. Was ist Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
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Was (wer) ist Semi-Automatic Ground Environment - definition

HISTORIC COMPUTER NETWORK
SAGE Project; SAGE (computer); SAGE system; Semi Automatic Ground Environment; AN/FSQ-7A; Burroughs AN/FYQ-47 Radar Data Processing System; Sage Computer; Burroughs 416L
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  • core memory]] (left) and operator console
  • Subsector Command Post of SAGE Combat Center at [[Syracuse Air Force Station]] with consoles and large [[Photographic Display Unit]] display, which was projected from above. Archive photo taken during equipment installation.
  •  The AN/FSQ-7 had 100 system consoles, including the OA-1008 Situation Display (SD) with a [[light gun]] (at end of cable under plastic museum cover), cigarette lighter, and ash tray (left of the light gun).
  • archive-date=May 3, 2012 }}</ref> (center, with operators)
  • SAGE radar stations were grouped by Air Defense Sectors (Air Divisions after 1966).  The SAGE System networked the radar stations in over 20 of the sectors using AN/FSQ-7 centrals in Direction Centers.
  • The abandoned SAGE direction center at the former [[Stewart Air Force Base]], New York in 2016
  • To increase warning time, radar systems called [[Texas Towers]] were placed in the Atlantic Ocean using technology similar to Texas-style offshore oil platforms

Semi-Automatic Ground Environment         
<project> (SAGE) The computer system of the old US Norad air defence system. SAGE was ground-breaking in many ways, such as being one of the first very large software projects and the first real-time system. MIT Lincoln Laboratory developed SAGE and {MITRE Corporation} was responsible for system engineering and implementation oversight. http://togger.com/, http://jps.net/ethelen/sage.html, http://eskimo.com/%7Ewow-ray/sage28.html. [Confirm? Dates? Connection with MIT Research Laboratory for Electronics?] (1999-12-16)
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment         
of floor spaceThe SAGE Blockhouse - Future Home of the Cold War / Peace Museum . Coldwarpeacemuseum.
Semi-automatic pistol         
  • Diagram showing a simple blowback action
  • Colt M1911]] made in 1917, chambered in [[.45 ACP]]
  • Heckler & Koch USP Tactical]] chambered in [[9×19mm Parabellum]]
  • Mauser C96 Red 9]] chambered in [[9×19mm Parabellum]]
TYPE OF PISTOL
Semi-automatic handgun; Semi-automatic pistols; Semiautomatic pistol; Self-loading pistol; Semi-Automatic Pistol; Semi-automatic self-loading pistol; Semiautomatic handgun
A semi-automatic pistol is a type of repeating single-chamber handgun (pistol) that automatically cycles its action to insert the subsequent cartridge into the chamber (self-loading), but requires manual actuation of the trigger to actually discharge the following shot. As a result, only one round of ammunition is fired each time the trigger is pulled, as the pistol's fire control group disconnects the trigger mechanism from the firing pin/striker until the trigger has been released and reset.

Wikipedia

Semi-Automatic Ground Environment

The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) was a system of large computers and associated networking equipment that coordinated data from many radar sites and processed it to produce a single unified image of the airspace over a wide area. SAGE directed and controlled the NORAD response to a possible Soviet air attack, operating in this role from the late 1950s into the 1980s. Its enormous computers and huge displays remain a part of cold war lore, and after decommissioning were common props in movies such as Dr. Strangelove and Colossus, and on science fiction TV series such as The Time Tunnel.

The processing power behind SAGE was supplied by the largest discrete component-based computer ever built, the IBM-manufactured AN/FSQ-7. Each SAGE Direction Center (DC) housed an FSQ-7 which occupied an entire floor, approximately 22,000 square feet (2,000 m2) not including supporting equipment. The FSQ-7 was actually two computers, "A" side and "B" side. Computer processing was switched from "A" side to "B" side on a regular basis, allowing maintenance on the unused side. Information was fed to the DCs from a network of radar stations as well as readiness information from various defense sites. The computers, based on the raw radar data, developed "tracks" for the reported targets, and automatically calculated which defenses were within range. Operators used light guns to select targets on-screen for further information, select one of the available defenses, and issue commands to attack. These commands would then be automatically sent to the defense site via teleprinter.

Connecting the various sites was an enormous network of telephones, modems and teleprinters. Later additions to the system allowed SAGE's tracking data to be sent directly to CIM-10 Bomarc missiles and some of the US Air Force's interceptor aircraft in-flight, directly updating their autopilots to maintain an intercept course without operator intervention. Each DC also forwarded data to a Combat Center (CC) for "supervision of the several sectors within the division" ("each combat center [had] the capability to coordinate defense for the whole nation").: 51 

SAGE became operational in the late 1950s and early 1960s at a combined cost of billions of dollars. It was noted that the deployment cost more than the Manhattan Project—which it was, in a way, defending against. Throughout its development, there were continual concerns about its real ability to deal with large attacks, and the Operation Sky Shield tests showed that only about one-fourth of enemy bombers would have been intercepted. Nevertheless, SAGE was the backbone of NORAD's air defense system into the 1980s, by which time the tube-based FSQ-7s were increasingly costly to maintain and completely outdated. Today the same command and control task is carried out by microcomputers, based on the same basic underlying data.