dualism$23179$ - ορισμός. Τι είναι το dualism$23179$
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Τι (ποιος) είναι dualism$23179$ - ορισμός

PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY THAT MENTAL PHENOMENA ARE NON-PHYSICAL AND THAT MATTER EXISTS INDEPENDENTLY OF MIND
Substance dualist; Dualists; Cartesian dualism; Substance dualism; Mind-Body Dualism; Cartesian Dualism; Interaction dualism; Interaction Dualism; Mind-body dualism; Mind/body dualism; Dualism (philosophy); Cartesian duality; Mind-body duality; Mind-Body Duality; Dualism in the Philosophy of Mind; Dualism (philosophy of mind); Body–mind dualism; Body-mind dualism; Predicate dualism; Arguments against mind–body dualism; Arguments against mind-body dualism; Substance Dualism
  • Another one of Descartes' illustrations. The fire displaces the skin, which pulls a tiny thread, which opens a pore in the ventricle (F) allowing the "animal spirit" to flow through a hollow tube, which inflates the muscle of the leg, causing the foot to withdraw.
  • epiphysis]] in the brain and from there to the immaterial spirit.
  • Cartesian dualism compared to three forms of monism
  • Four varieties of dualist causal interaction. The arrows indicate the direction of causations. Mental and physical states are shown in red and blue, respectively.

Mind–body dualism         
In the philosophy of mind, mind–body dualism denotes either the view that mental phenomena are non-physical,Hart, W. D.
Dualism         
WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE
DualIsm; Dualisms; Dualist; Dualistic; Dualistic theory; Combative dualism; Law of Two; Dualism in philosophy and religion; Dualist (disambiguation); Dualism (disambiguation)
·noun The theory that each cerebral hemisphere acts independently of the other.
II. Dualism ·noun A system which accepts two gods, or two original principles, one good and the other evil.
III. Dualism ·noun A view of man as constituted of two original and independent elements, as matter and spirit.
IV. Dualism ·noun State of being dual or twofold; a twofold division; any system which is founded on a double principle, or a twofold distinction.
V. Dualism ·noun The doctrine that all mankind are divided by the arbitrary decree of God, and in his eternal foreknowledge, into two classes, the elect and the reprobate.
Dualism (Indian philosophy)         
  • Dharmakīrti, a key theorist of [[Buddhist atomism]].
BELIEF HELD BY CERTAIN SCHOOLS OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY THAT REALITY IS FUNDAMENTALLY COMPOSED OF TWO PARTS
Consciousness–matter dualism; Consciousness-matter dualism
Dualism in Indian philosophy refers to the belief held by certain schools of Indian philosophy that reality is fundamentally composed of two parts. This mainly takes the form of either mind-matter dualism in Buddhist philosophy or awareness-'nature' dualism in the Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy.

Βικιπαίδεια

Mind–body dualism

In the philosophy of mind, mind–body dualism denotes either the view that mental phenomena are non-physical, or that the mind and body are distinct and separable. Thus, it encompasses a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter, as well as between subject and object, and is contrasted with other positions, such as physicalism and enactivism, in the mind–body problem.

Aristotle shared Plato's view of multiple souls and further elaborated a hierarchical arrangement, corresponding to the distinctive functions of plants, animals, and humans: a nutritive soul of growth and metabolism that all three share; a perceptive soul of pain, pleasure, and desire that only humans and other animals share; and the faculty of reason that is unique to humans only. In this view, a soul is the hylomorphic form of a viable organism, wherein each level of the hierarchy formally supervenes upon the substance of the preceding level. For Aristotle, the first two souls, based on the body, perish when the living organism dies, whereas remains an immortal and perpetual intellective part of mind. For Plato, however, the soul was not dependent on the physical body; he believed in metempsychosis, the migration of the soul to a new physical body. It has been considered a form of reductionism by some philosophers, since it enables the tendency to ignore very big groups of variables by its assumed association with the mind or the body, and not for its real value when it comes to explaining or predicting a studied phenomenon.

Dualism is closely associated with the thought of René Descartes (1641), which holds that the mind is a nonphysical—and therefore, non-spatial—substance. Descartes clearly identified the mind with consciousness and self-awareness and distinguished this from the brain as the seat of intelligence. Hence, he was the first documented Western philosopher to formulate the mind–body problem in the form in which it exists today. Dualism is contrasted with various kinds of monism. Substance dualism is contrasted with all forms of materialism, but property dualism may be considered a form of emergent materialism or non-reductive physicalism in some sense.