effect$23926$ - translation to ελληνικό
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effect$23926$ - translation to ελληνικό

RISE IN OVERALL HUMAN INTELLIGENCE DURING THE 20TH CENTURY
Flynn Effect; The Flynn Effect; Flyn effect; Lynn-Flynn effect; Lynn-Flynn Effect; Reverse Flynn effect
  • 210px
  • Mean standing height and mean GA (both in z scores units+5) by year of testing, from Sundet et al. 2004 (figure 3)

effect      
v. κατορθώνω, επιτελώ
skin effect         
  • Four stages of skin effect in a coax showing the effect on inductance. Diagrams show a cross-section of the coaxial cable. Color code: black=overall insulating sheath, tan=conductor, white=dielectric, green=current into the diagram, blue=current coming out of the diagram, dashed black lines with arrowheads=magnetic flux (B). The width of the dashed black lines is intended to show relative strength of the magnetic field integrated over the circumference at that radius. The four stages, ''A'', ''B'', ''C'', and ''D'' are: non-energized, low frequency, middle frequency and high frequency respectively. There are three regions that may contain induced magnetic fields: the center conductor, the dielectric and the outer conductor. In stage ''B'', current covers the conductors uniformly and there is a significant magnetic field in all three regions. As the frequency is increased and the skin effect takes hold (''C'' and ''D'') the magnetic field in the dielectric region is unchanged as it is proportional to the total current flowing in the center conductor. In ''C'', however, there is a reduced magnetic field in the deeper sections of the inner conductor and the outer sections of the shield (outer conductor). Thus there is less energy stored in the magnetic field given the same total current, corresponding to a reduced inductance. At an even higher frequency, ''D'', the skin depth is tiny: all current is confined to the surface of the conductors. The only magnetic field is in the regions between the conductors; only the "external inductance" remains.
  • Current density in round wire for various skin depths.  Numbers shown on each curve are the ratio of skin depth to wire radius.  The curve shown with the infinity sign is the zero frequency (DC) case.  All curves are normalized so that the current density at the surface is the same.  The horizontal axis is the position within the wire with the left and right extremes being the surface of the wire.  The vertical axis is relative current density.
  •  [[Induction cooker]]s use stranded coils ([[Litz wire]]) to reduce heating of the coil itself due to skin effect. The AC frequencies used in induction cookers are much higher than standard mains frequency ‒ typically around 25-50 kHz.
  • Fe-Ni – high-permeability [[permalloy]] (80%Ni-20%Fe)
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  • Cause of skin effect. A current I flowing through a conductor induces a magnetic field H. If the current increases, as in this figure, the resulting increase in H induces circulating [[eddy current]]s I<sub>W</sub> which partially cancel the current flow in the center and reinforce it near the skin.
  • The ratio AC resistance to DC resistance of a round wire versus the ratio of the wire’s radius to the skin depth.   As skin depth becomes small relative to the radius, the ratio of AC to DC resistance approaches one half of the ratio of the radius to the skin depth.
  • The internal component of a round wire's inductance vs. the ratio of skin depth to radius. That component of the self inductance is reduced below μ / 8π as skin depth becomes small (as frequency increases).
TENDENCY OF ALTERNATING CURRENT TO HAVE THE GREATEST CURRENT DENSITY NEAR THE SURFACE OF A CONDUCTOR
Skin depth; Skin effect (electricity); Skin Effect; Skin Depth; Skin depth effect; Skindepth; Classical skin depth
επιδερμικό φαινόμενο, επιφανειακό φαινόμενο
side effect         
  •  url = https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Electronic_Cigarettes_A_Position_Statement_of_the_Forum_of_International_Respiratory_Societies/10758143 }}</ref>
BAND
Side-effects; Side-effect; Sideeffect; Side effects; Side effect (medicine)
παρενέργεια

Ορισμός

Peltier Effect
The thermal effect produced by the passage of a current through the junction of two unlike conductors. Such junction is generally the seat of thermo-electric effects, and a current is generally produced by heating such a junction. If an independent current is passed in the same direction as that of the thermoelectric current, it cools the junction, and warms it if passed in the other direction. In general terms, referring to thermo-electric couples, if passed through them it tends to cool the hot and heat the cool junction. The phenomenon does not occur in zinc-copper junctions.

Βικιπαίδεια

Flynn effect

The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century. When intelligence quotient (IQ) tests are initially standardized using a sample of test-takers, by convention the average of the test results is set to 100 and their standard deviation is set to 15 or 16 IQ points. When IQ tests are revised, they are again standardized using a new sample of test-takers, usually born more recently than the first; the average result is set to 100. When the new test subjects take the older tests, in almost every case their average scores are significantly above 100.

Test score increases have been continuous and approximately linear from the earliest years of testing to the present. For example, a study published in the year 2009 found that British children's average scores on the Raven's Progressive Matrices test rose by 14 IQ points from 1942 to 2008. Similar gains have been observed in many other countries in which IQ testing has long been widely used, including other Western European countries, as well as Japan and South Korea.

There are numerous proposed explanations of the Flynn effect, such as the rise in efficiency of education, along with skepticism concerning its implications. Similar improvements have been reported for semantic and episodic memory. Some research suggests that there may be an ongoing reversed Flynn effect (i.e., a decline in IQ scores) in Norway, Denmark, Australia, Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, and German-speaking countries. This is said to have started in the 1990s and to be occurring despite the average performance of 15-year olds in those same countries ranking above the international average on the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment in reading, mathematics, and science in 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018. In certain cases, this apparent reversal may be due to cultural changes which render parts of intelligence tests obsolete. Meta-analyses indicate that, overall, the Flynn effect continues, either at the same rate, or at a slower rate in developed countries.