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recessiveness$67393$ - translation to ελληνικό
![A and B blood types]] in humans show co-dominance, but the O type is recessive to A and B.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ABO system codominance.svg?width=200 "A and B blood types]] in humans show co-dominance, but the O type is recessive to A and B.")
![Co-dominance in a [[Camellia]] cultivar](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Co-dominance Rhododendron.jpg?width=200 "Co-dominance in a [[Camellia]] cultivar")
![This [[Punnett square]] illustrates incomplete dominance. In this example, the red petal trait associated with the R [[allele]] recombines with the white petal trait of the r allele. The plant incompletely expresses the dominant trait (R) causing plants with the Rr genotype to express flowers with less red pigment resulting in pink flowers. The colors are not blended together, the dominant trait is just expressed less strongly.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Incomplete dominance.svg?width=200 "This [[Punnett square]] illustrates incomplete dominance. In this example, the red petal trait associated with the R [[allele]] recombines with the white petal trait of the r allele. The plant incompletely expresses the dominant trait (R) causing plants with the Rr genotype to express flowers with less red pigment resulting in pink flowers. The colors are not blended together, the dominant trait is just expressed less strongly.")
 (14582377398).jpg?width=200 "Inheritance of dwarfing in maize. Demonstrating the heights of plants from the two parent variations and their F1 heterozygous hybrid (centre)")
![Hereditary defects in [[enzymes]] are generally inherited in an autosomal fashion because there are more non-X chromosomes than X-chromosomes, and a recessive fashion because the enzymes from the unaffected genes are generally sufficient to prevent symptoms in carriers. Exceptions include cases of [[haploinsufficiency]], where the unaffected gene cannot compensate for the affected one.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Autosomal recessive inheritance for affected enzyme.png?width=200 "Hereditary defects in [[enzymes]] are generally inherited in an autosomal fashion because there are more non-X chromosomes than X-chromosomes, and a recessive fashion because the enzymes from the unaffected genes are generally sufficient to prevent symptoms in carriers. Exceptions include cases of [[haploinsufficiency]], where the unaffected gene cannot compensate for the affected one.")
![On the other hand, hereditary defects in structural proteins (such as [[osteogenesis imperfecta]], [[Marfan's syndrome]] and [[Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]]s) are generally autosomal dominant, because it is enough that some components are defective to make the whole structure dysfunctional. This is a dominant-negative process, wherein a mutated gene product adversely affects the non-mutated gene product within the same cell.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Autosomal dominant inheritance for structural protein.png?width=200 "On the other hand, hereditary defects in structural proteins (such as [[osteogenesis imperfecta]], [[Marfan's syndrome]] and [[Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]]s) are generally autosomal dominant, because it is enough that some components are defective to make the whole structure dysfunctional. This is a dominant-negative process, wherein a mutated gene product adversely affects the non-mutated gene product within the same cell.")
Ορισμός
. (TECHNICAL)
Βικιπαίδεια
In genetics, dominance is the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome. The first variant is termed dominant and the second recessive. This state of having two different variants of the same gene on each chromosome is originally caused by a mutation in one of the genes, either new (de novo) or inherited. The terms autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive are used to describe gene variants on non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) and their associated traits, while those on sex chromosomes (allosomes) are termed X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive or Y-linked; these have an inheritance and presentation pattern that depends on the sex of both the parent and the child (see Sex linkage). Since there is only one copy of the Y chromosome, Y-linked traits cannot be dominant or recessive. Additionally, there are other forms of dominance such as incomplete dominance, in which a gene variant has a partial effect compared to when it is present on both chromosomes, and co-dominance, in which different variants on each chromosome both show their associated traits.
Dominance is a key concept in Mendelian inheritance and classical genetics. Letters and Punnett squares are used to demonstrate the principles of dominance in teaching, and the use of upper case letters for dominant alleles and lower case letters for recessive alleles is a widely followed convention. A classic example of dominance is the inheritance of seed shape in peas. Peas may be round, associated with allele R, or wrinkled, associated with allele r. In this case, three combinations of alleles (genotypes) are possible: RR, Rr, and rr. The RR (homozygous) individuals have round peas, and the rr (homozygous) individuals have wrinkled peas. In Rr (heterozygous) individuals, the R allele masks the presence of the r allele, so these individuals also have round peas. Thus, allele R is dominant over allele r, and allele r is recessive to allele R.
Dominance is not inherent to an allele or its traits (phenotype). It is a strictly relative effect between two alleles of a given gene of any function; one allele can be dominant over a second allele of the same gene, recessive to a third and co-dominant with a fourth. Additionally, one allele may be dominant for one trait but not others.
Dominance differs from epistasis, the phenomenon of an allele of one gene masking the effect of alleles of a different gene.
