liability for prosecution under antitrust laws - translation to ρωσικά
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liability for prosecution under antitrust laws - translation to ρωσικά

COLLECTION OF FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENT LAWS, WHICH REGULATES THE CONDUCT AND ORGANIZATION OF BUSINESS CORPORATIONS, GENERALLY TO PROMOTE FAIR COMPETITION FOR THE BENEFIT OF CONSUMERS
Anti-Trust Law; Anti-Trust Laws; Anticompetition law; United States antitrust; U.S. Antitrust; US antitrust; US antitrust law; Anti-Trust Legislation; US Antitrust law; United States antitrust laws; U.S. antitrust laws; U.S. antitrust law; Antitrust laws in the United States; Antitrust law in the United States; United States anti-trust law; Merger doctrine (antitrust law); Antitrust legislation; Antitrust law case; Antitrust case; Competition law in the United States; United States competition law; Antitrust cases
  • ATF]] explicitly states in its 1923 manual that its goal is to 'discourage unhealthy competition' in the printing industry.
  • [[Federal Trade Commission]] building, view from southeast
  • [[Standard Oil]] (Refinery No. 1 in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], pictured) was a major company broken up under United States antitrust laws.
  • Puck]]'' (23 January 1889)</ref>
  • Department of Justice]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] is the public enforcer of [[antitrust]] law.
  • Since 1922 the courts and Congress have left [[Major League Baseball]], as played at [[Chicago]]'s [[Wrigley Field]], unrestrained by antitrust laws.

liability for prosecution under antitrust laws      
подсудность по антитрестовским законам
antitrust         
  • [[Scottish Enlightenment]] philosopher [[Adam Smith]] was an early enemy of cartels.
  • Coke]] in the 17th century thought that general restraints on trade were unreasonable.
  • Elizabeth I assured monopolies would not be abused in the early era of [[globalization]].
  • [[John Stuart Mill]] believed the [[restraint of trade]] doctrine was justified to preserve [[liberty]] and [[competition]].
  • The economist's depiction of [[deadweight loss]] to efficiency that monopolies cause
  • [[Paul Samuelson]], author of the 20th century's most successful economics text, combined mathematical models and [[Keynesian]] macroeconomic intervention. He advocated the general success of the market but backed the American government's antitrust policies.
  • [[Robert Bork]]
  • Senatorial Round House by [[Thomas Nast]], 1886
  • WTO]] members, in green and blue, whether competition law should form part of the agreements.
LAW THAT PROMOTES OR SEEKS TO MAINTAIN MARKET COMPETITION BY REGULATING ANTI-COMPETITIVE CONDUCT BY COMPANIES
Antitrust law; Antitrust laws; Anti-trust law; Anti-trust; Trust busting; Trust Busting; Competition policy; Competition Policy; AntiTrust; Trustbuster; Trustbusting; Anti-trust legislation; Antitrust Law; Antitrust; Competition Law; Antitrust or competition law; Competition legislation; Trust-busting; Antimonopoly Law; Antitrust Rules; Competition Rules; Fair-competition laws; Fair competition laws; Competition laws; Anti-Monopoly Law; Trade practices law; Antitrust regulation
антитрестовский
antitrust         
  • [[Scottish Enlightenment]] philosopher [[Adam Smith]] was an early enemy of cartels.
  • Coke]] in the 17th century thought that general restraints on trade were unreasonable.
  • Elizabeth I assured monopolies would not be abused in the early era of [[globalization]].
  • [[John Stuart Mill]] believed the [[restraint of trade]] doctrine was justified to preserve [[liberty]] and [[competition]].
  • The economist's depiction of [[deadweight loss]] to efficiency that monopolies cause
  • [[Paul Samuelson]], author of the 20th century's most successful economics text, combined mathematical models and [[Keynesian]] macroeconomic intervention. He advocated the general success of the market but backed the American government's antitrust policies.
  • [[Robert Bork]]
  • Senatorial Round House by [[Thomas Nast]], 1886
  • WTO]] members, in green and blue, whether competition law should form part of the agreements.
LAW THAT PROMOTES OR SEEKS TO MAINTAIN MARKET COMPETITION BY REGULATING ANTI-COMPETITIVE CONDUCT BY COMPANIES
Antitrust law; Antitrust laws; Anti-trust law; Anti-trust; Trust busting; Trust Busting; Competition policy; Competition Policy; AntiTrust; Trustbuster; Trustbusting; Anti-trust legislation; Antitrust Law; Antitrust; Competition Law; Antitrust or competition law; Competition legislation; Trust-busting; Antimonopoly Law; Antitrust Rules; Competition Rules; Fair-competition laws; Fair competition laws; Competition laws; Anti-Monopoly Law; Trade practices law; Antitrust regulation
antitrust adj. направленный против трестов, монополий и т. п., антитрестовский

Ορισμός

Лоз

Лоос (Loos) Адольф (10.12.1870, Брюнн, ныне Брно, Чехословакия, - 22.8.1933, Вена), австрийский архитектор. Окончил Высшую техническую школу в Дрездене (1893). Работал в США (1893-1896), Париже (1923-28), но в основном в Вене (главный архитектор в 1920-22). Испытал влияние Л. Салливена. С конца 1890-х гг. выступал против стиля "Модерн" в архитектуре, противопоставляя его живописности и обильной орнаментике рационализм и подчёркнутый аскетизм своих сооружений, выявление специфики строительных материалов (ст. "Орнамент и преступление", 1908; интерьер бара Кернтнера, 1907, дом на пл. Михаэлерплац, проект квартала Хойберг, 1922, - все в Вене). В творчестве Л., особенно с середины 20-х гг., ощутимы неоклассицистические тенденции, а также воздействие Кубизма (дом Т. Тцары в Париже, середина 20-х гг.) и интерес к народному зодчеству (дом Кунера в Пайербахе, 1930).

Соч.: Die Schriften, Bd 1-2, Innsbruck, 1931.

Лит.: Мастера архитектуры об архитектуре, М., 1972, с. 138-58; Münz L., A. Loos, Mil., 1956.

А. Лоз. Дом Штайнера в Вене. 1910.

Βικιπαίδεια

United States antitrust law

In the United States, antitrust law is a collection of mostly federal laws that regulate the conduct and organization of businesses to promote competition and prevent unjustified monopolies. The three main U.S. antitrust statutes are the Sherman Act of 1890, the Clayton Act of 1914, and the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914. These acts serve three major functions. First, Section 1 of the Sherman Act prohibits price fixing and the operation of cartels, and prohibits other collusive practices that unreasonably restrain trade. Second, Section 7 of the Clayton Act restricts the mergers and acquisitions of organizations that may substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly. Third, Section 2 of the Sherman Act prohibits monopolization.

Federal antitrust laws provide for both civil and criminal enforcement. Civil antitrust enforcement occurs through lawsuits filed by the Federal Trade Commission, the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division, and private parties who have been harmed by an antitrust violation. Criminal antitrust enforcement is done only by the Justice Department's Antitrust Division. Additionally, U.S. state governments may also enforce their own antitrust laws, which mostly mirror federal antitrust laws, regarding commerce occurring solely within their own state's borders.

The scope of antitrust laws, and the degree to which they should interfere in an enterprise's freedom to conduct business, or to protect smaller businesses, communities and consumers, are strongly debated. Some economists argue that antitrust laws actually impede competition, and may discourage businesses from pursuing activities that would be beneficial to society. One view suggests that antitrust laws should focus solely on the benefits to consumers and overall efficiency, while a broad range of legal and economic theory sees the role of antitrust laws as also controlling economic power in the public interest. A survey of 568 member economists of the American Economic Association (AEA) in 2011 found a near-universal consensus, in that 87 percent of respondents broadly agreed with the statement "Antitrust laws should be enforced vigorously."

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