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What (who) is F4 (mathematics) - definition
![root poset]] with edge labels identifying added simple root position](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/F4HassePoset.svg?width=200 "root poset]] with edge labels identifying added simple root position")
![The 24 vertices of [[24-cell]] (red) and 24 vertices of its dual (yellow) represent the 48 root vectors of F<sub>4</sub> in this [[Coxeter plane]] projection](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/F4 roots by 24-cell duals.svg?width=200 "The 24 vertices of [[24-cell]] (red) and 24 vertices of its dual (yellow) represent the 48 root vectors of F<sub>4</sub> in this [[Coxeter plane]] projection")
![[[Omar Khayyám]]'s "Cubic equations and intersections of conic sections" the first page of the two-chaptered manuscript kept in Tehran University](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Khayyam-paper-1stpage.png?width=200 "[[Omar Khayyám]]'s \"Cubic equations and intersections of conic sections\" the first page of the two-chaptered manuscript kept in Tehran University")
![To solve the third-degree equation ''x''<sup>3</sup> + ''a''<sup>2</sup>''x'' = ''b'' Khayyám constructed the [[parabola]] ''x''<sup>2</sup> = ''ay'', a [[circle]] with diameter ''b''/''a''<sup>2</sup>, and a vertical line through the intersection point. The solution is given by the length of the horizontal line segment from the origin to the intersection of the vertical line and the ''x''-axis.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Omar Kayyám - Geometric solution to cubic equation.svg?width=200 "To solve the third-degree equation ''x''<sup>3</sup> + ''a''<sup>2</sup>''x'' = ''b'' Khayyám constructed the [[parabola]] ''x''<sup>2</sup> = ''ay'', a [[circle]] with diameter ''b''/''a''<sup>2</sup>, and a vertical line through the intersection point. The solution is given by the length of the horizontal line segment from the origin to the intersection of the vertical line and the ''x''-axis.")
![Engraving of [[Abū Sahl al-Qūhī]]'s perfect compass to draw conic sections.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gravure originale du compas parfait par Abū Sahl al-Qūhī.jpg?width=200 "Engraving of [[Abū Sahl al-Qūhī]]'s perfect compass to draw conic sections.")
![theorem of Ibn Haytham]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Theorem of al-Haitham.JPG?width=200 "theorem of Ibn Haytham]].")
Wikipedia
In mathematics, F4 is the name of a Lie group and also its Lie algebra f4. It is one of the five exceptional simple Lie groups. F4 has rank 4 and dimension 52. The compact form is simply connected and its outer automorphism group is the trivial group. Its fundamental representation is 26-dimensional.
The compact real form of F4 is the isometry group of a 16-dimensional Riemannian manifold known as the octonionic projective plane OP2. This can be seen systematically using a construction known as the magic square, due to Hans Freudenthal and Jacques Tits.
There are 3 real forms: a compact one, a split one, and a third one. They are the isometry groups of the three real Albert algebras.
The F4 Lie algebra may be constructed by adding 16 generators transforming as a spinor to the 36-dimensional Lie algebra so(9), in analogy with the construction of E8.
In older books and papers, F4 is sometimes denoted by E4.
