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What (who) is Hafnium - definition
Hafnium (group)
CHINESE CYBER ESPIONAGE GROUP
HAFNIUM (group)
Hafnium (sometimes styled HAFNIUM) is a cyber espionage group, sometimes known as an advanced persistent threat, with alleged ties to the Chinese government. Hafnium is closely connected to APT40.
hafnium
![Hafnium-containing rocket nozzle of the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] in the lower right corner](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Apollo AS11-40-5866.jpg?width=200 "Hafnium-containing rocket nozzle of the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] in the lower right corner")
 oxide.jpg?width=200 "Hafnium dioxide")
![remelting furnace]], a 1 cm cube, and an oxidized hafnium electron beam-remelted ingot (left to right)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hafnium ebeam remelted.jpg?width=200 "remelting furnace]], a 1 cm cube, and an oxidized hafnium electron beam-remelted ingot (left to right)")
![thin-film optical]] effects](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hafnium pellets with a thin oxide layer.jpg?width=200 "thin-film optical]] effects")
![Photographic recording of the characteristic [[X-ray]] emission lines of some elements](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Moseley step ladder.jpg?width=200 "Photographic recording of the characteristic [[X-ray]] emission lines of some elements")
![Zircon crystal (2×2 cm) from Tocantins, [[Brazil]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zircão.jpeg?width=200 "Zircon crystal (2×2 cm) from Tocantins, [[Brazil]]")
ELEMENT WITH THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF 72
Element 72; Celtium; Jargonium; Norwegium; Norium; Halfnium; Hf (element); Hafnocene dichloride; History of hafnium
['hafn??m]
¦ noun the chemical element of atomic number 72, a hard silver-grey metal resembling zirconium. (Symbol: Hf)
Origin
1920s: from Hafnia, Latinized form of Dan. Havn, former name of Copenhagen.
Hafnium
ELEMENT WITH THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF 72
Element 72; Celtium; Jargonium; Norwegium; Norium; Halfnium; Hf (element); Hafnocene dichloride; History of hafnium
Hafnium is a chemical element with the symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in many zirconium minerals.
Examples of use of Hafnium
1. These controls focus on how much of the material contains hafnium, another rare metal.
2. The British view is that zirconium sulphate with more than 0.05 per cent of hafnium does not require a licence, as it is difficult to refine – although this is challenged by some experts.
3. A Department of Trade and Industry spokeswoman said: ‘The DTI informed the Bulgarian authorities that the goods as described were not controlled under UK export control (as the hafnium content of the sand was 1.1 per cent by weight) and did not therefore require an export licence... this particular case raised no WMD end–use concerns.‘ However, John Large, an independent nuclear consultant, said: ‘It is not a very sophisticated process to extract the zirconium from such material.