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What (who) is Laboratory Instrument Computer - definition

MINICOMPUTER

Laboratory Instrument Computer

Laboratory INstrument Computer

<computer> (LINC) A computer which was originally designed in 1962 by Wesley Clark, Charles Molnar, Severo Ornstein and others at the Lincoln Laboratory Group, to facilitate scientific research. With its digital logic and {stored programs}, the LINC is accepted by the IEEE Computer Society to be the World's first interactive personal computer. The machine was developed to fulfil a need for better laboratory tools by doctors and medical researchers. It would supplant the 1958 Average Response Computer, and was designed for individual use. Led by William N. Papian and mainly funded by the {National Institute of Health}, Wesley Clark designed the logic while Charles Molnar did the engineering. The first LINC was finished in March 1962. In January 1963, the project moved to MIT, and then to Washington University (in St. Louis) in 1964. The LINC had a simple operating system, four "knobs" (which was used like a mouse), a Soroban keyboard (for alpha-numeric data entry), two LINCtape drives and a small CRT display. It originally had one kilobit of {core memory}, but this was expanded to 2 Kb later. The computer was made out of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) hardware modules. Over 24 LINC systems had been built before late 1964 when DEC began to sell the LINC commercially. After the introduction of the PDP-8, Dick Clayton at DEC produced a rather frightening hybrid of the LINC and PDP-8 called a LINC-8. This really was not a very satisfactory machine, but it used the new PDP-8 style DEC cards and was cheaper and easier to produce. It still didn't sell that well. In the late 1960s, Clayton brought the design to its pinnacle with the PDP-12, an amazing tour de force of the LINC concept; along with about as seamless a merger as could be done with the PDP-8. This attempted to incorporate TTL logic into the machine. The end of the LINC line had been reached. Due to the success of the LINC-8, Spear, Inc. produced a LINC clone (since the design was in the public domain). The interesting thing about the Spear micro-LINC 300 was that it used MECL II logic. MECL logic was known for its blazing speed (at the time!), but the Spear computer ran at very modest rates. In 1995 the last of the classic LINCs was turned off for the final time after 28 years of service. This LINC had been in use in the Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology (EPL) of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. On 15 August 1995, it was transferred to the MIT {Computer Museum} where it was put on display. {LINC/8, PDP-12 (http://faqs.org/faqs/dec-faq/pdp8/section-7.html)}. {Lights out for last LINC (http://rleweb.mit.edu/publications/currents/6-1linc.HTM)}. ["Computers and Automation", Nov. 1964, page 43]. (1999-05-20)

MIT AI Lab

AI LAB AT MIT

Project MAC; MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory; MIT LCS; MIT-LCS; MIT Laboratory for Computer Science; MIT AI Lab; MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab; MIT AI Laboratory; Laboratory for Computer Science; Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; CSAIL; AI Lab; AI lab; MIT AI lab; MIT Lab for Computer Science; MIT CSAIL; MIT-CSAIL; MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL); Multiaccess computer; Project Mac; MIT Project MAC; Csail; MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory; MIT-AI

<body> (Massachusetts Institute of Technology {artificial intelligence} laboratory) Workplace of many famous AI researchers at MIT including GLS and RMS. http://ai.mit.edu/. Address: 545 Technology Sq., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. (2003-02-28)

Project MAC

AI LAB AT MIT

Project MAC; MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory; MIT LCS; MIT-LCS; MIT Laboratory for Computer Science; MIT AI Lab; MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab; MIT AI Laboratory; Laboratory for Computer Science; Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; CSAIL; AI Lab; AI lab; MIT AI lab; MIT Lab for Computer Science; MIT CSAIL; MIT-CSAIL; MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL); Multiaccess computer; Project Mac; MIT Project MAC; Csail; MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory; MIT-AI

<project> A project suggested by J C R Licklider; its founding director was MIT Prof. Robert M Fano. MAC stood for Multiple Access Computers on the 5th floor of Tech Square, and Man and Computer on the 9th floor. The major efforts were Corbato's Multics development and Marvin Minsky's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. In 1963 Project MAC hosted a summer study, which brought many well-known computer scientists to Cambridge to use CTSS and to discuss the future of computing. Funding for Project MAC was provided by the Information Processing Techniques Office of the {Advanced Research Projects Agency} (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense. See also Early PL/I, MacLisp, MACSYMA, MDL, Multipop-68, OCAL. (1997-01-29)

Wikipedia

LINC

The LINC (Laboratory INstrument Computer) is a 12-bit, 2048-word transistorized computer. The LINC is considered by some the first minicomputer and a forerunner to the personal computer. Originally named the "Linc", suggesting the project's origins at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory, it was renamed LINC after the project moved from the Lincoln Laboratory. The LINC was designed by Wesley A. Clark and Charles Molnar.

The LINC and other "MIT Group" machines were designed at MIT and eventually built by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and Spear Inc. of Waltham, Massachusetts (later a division of Becton, Dickinson and Company). The LINC sold for more than $40,000 at the time. A typical configuration included an enclosed 6'X20" rack; four boxes holding (1) two tape drives, (2) display scope and input knobs, (3) control console and (4) data terminal interface; and a keyboard.

The LINC interfaced well with laboratory experiments. Analog inputs and outputs were part of the basic design. It was designed in 1962 by Charles Molnar and Wesley Clark at Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts, for NIH researchers. The LINC's design was literally in the public domain, perhaps making it unique in the history of computers. A dozen LINC computers were assembled by their eventual biomedical researcher owners in a 1963 summer workshop at MIT. Digital Equipment Corporation (starting in 1964) and, later, Spear Inc. of Waltham, MA. manufactured them commercially.

DEC's pioneer C. Gordon Bell states that the LINC project began in 1961, with first delivery in March 1962, and the machine was not formally withdrawn until December 1969. A total of 50 were built (all using DEC System Module Blocks and cabinets), most at Lincoln Labs, housing the desktop instruments in four wooden racks. The first LINC included two oscilloscope displays. Twenty-one were sold by DEC at $43,600 (equivalent to $390,600 in 2021), delivered in the Production Model design. In these, the tall cabinet sitting behind a white Formica-covered table held two somewhat smaller metal boxes holding the same instrumentation, a Tektronix display oscilloscope over the "front panel" on the user's left, a bay for interfaces over two LINC-Tape drives on the user's right, and a chunky keyboard between them. The standard program development software (an assembler/editor) was designed by Mary Allen Wilkes; the last version was named LAP6 (LINC Assembly Program 6).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINC