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What (who) is cuprous - definition
![[[Acid mine drainage]] affecting the stream running from the disused [[Parys Mountain]] copper mines](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg?width=200 "[[Acid mine drainage]] affecting the stream running from the disused [[Parys Mountain]] copper mines")
![Copper electrical [[busbar]]s distributing power to a large building](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Busbars.jpg?width=200 "Copper electrical [[busbar]]s distributing power to a large building")
![Copper ore ([[chrysocolla]]) in [[Cambrian]] sandstone from [[Chalcolithic]] mines in the [[Timna Valley]], southern [[Israel]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chrysocolla Timna 070613.jpg?width=200 "Copper ore ([[chrysocolla]]) in [[Cambrian]] sandstone from [[Chalcolithic]] mines in the [[Timna Valley]], southern [[Israel]].")
![mines]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chuquicamata-002.jpg?width=200 "mines]]")
![A sample of [[copper(I) oxide]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CopperIoxide.jpg?width=200 "A sample of [[copper(I) oxide]].")
.svg?width=200 "Scheme of flash smelting process")
![18th-century copper [[kettle]] from Norway made from Swedish copper](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Copper Pot.jpg?width=200 "18th-century copper [[kettle]] from Norway made from Swedish copper")
![etched]] to reveal [[crystallite]]s](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cu-Scheibe.JPG?width=200 "etched]] to reveal [[crystallite]]s")
![faience]] saucer and stand from the Bronze Age, [[New Kingdom of Egypt]] (1400–1325 BC).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Egyptian - Blue Faience Saucer and Stand - Walters 481608 - Top.jpg?width=200 "faience]] saucer and stand from the Bronze Age, [[New Kingdom of Egypt]] (1400–1325 BC).")
![Large copper bowl. [[Dhankar Gompa]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Large copper bowl. Dhankar Gompa.jpg?width=200 "Large copper bowl. [[Dhankar Gompa]].")
![Copper roof on the [[Minneapolis City Hall]], coated with [[patina]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Minneapolis City Hall.jpg?width=200 "Copper roof on the [[Minneapolis City Hall]], coated with [[patina]]")
![oxhide]]) typical in that era.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Minoan copper ingot from Zakros, Crete.jpg?width=200 "oxhide]]) typical in that era.")
![Copper just above its melting point keeps its pink luster color when enough light outshines the orange [[incandescence]] color](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Molten copper in bright sunlight.gif?width=200 "Copper just above its melting point keeps its pink luster color when enough light outshines the orange [[incandescence]] color")
![Many tools during the [[Chalcolithic]] Era included copper, such as the blade of this replica of [[Ötzi]]'s axe](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg?width=200 "Many tools during the [[Chalcolithic]] Era included copper, such as the blade of this replica of [[Ötzi]]'s axe")
![The East Tower of the [[Royal Observatory, Edinburgh]], showing the contrast between the refurbished copper installed in 2010 and the green color of the original 1894 copper.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Royal Observatory Edinburgh East Tower 2010 cropped.jpg?width=200 "The East Tower of the [[Royal Observatory, Edinburgh]], showing the contrast between the refurbished copper installed in 2010 and the green color of the original 1894 copper.")
![[[Ball-and-stick model]] of the complex [Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>, illustrating the [[octahedral coordination geometry]] common for copper(II).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tetraamminediaquacopper(II)-3D-balls.png?width=200 "[[Ball-and-stick model]] of the complex [Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>, illustrating the [[octahedral coordination geometry]] common for copper(II).")
![Copper(II) gives a deep blue coloration in the presence of ammonia ligands. The one used here is [[tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tetramminkupfer(II)-sulfat-Monohydrat Kristalle.png?width=200 "Copper(II) gives a deep blue coloration in the presence of ammonia ligands. The one used here is [[tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate]].")
![Photosynthesis functions by an elaborate electron transport chain within the [[thylakoid membrane]]. A central link in this chain is [[plastocyanin]], a blue copper protein.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Thylakoid membrane.png?width=200 "Photosynthesis functions by an elaborate electron transport chain within the [[thylakoid membrane]]. A central link in this chain is [[plastocyanin]], a blue copper protein.")
![Chalcolithic copper mine in [[Timna Valley]], [[Negev Desert]], Israel.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG?width=200 "Chalcolithic copper mine in [[Timna Valley]], [[Negev Desert]], Israel.")
![In [[alchemy]] the symbol for copper was also the symbol for the goddess and planet [[Venus]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Venus symbol (fixed width).svg?width=200 "In [[alchemy]] the symbol for copper was also the symbol for the goddess and planet [[Venus]].")
![[[Chalcography]] of the city of [[Vyborg]] at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. The year 1709 carved on the printing plate.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Viipuri - Viborg.jpg?width=200 "[[Chalcography]] of the city of [[Vyborg]] at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. The year 1709 carved on the printing plate.")
It is a conductor of electricity, whose conductivity is liable to vary greatly on account of impurities. Annealed. Hard drawn.
Relative resistance (Silver = 1), 1.063 1.086
Specific resistance, 1.598 1.634 microhms.
Resistance of a wire at 0° C. (32° F.),
Annealed. Hard Drawn.
(a) 1 foot long, weighing 1 grain, .2041 ohms .2083 ohms.
(b) 1 foot long, 1/1000 inch thick, 9.612 " 9.831 "
(c) 1 meter long, weighing 1 gram, .1424 " .1453 "
(d) 1 meter long, 1 millimeter thick, .02034 " .02081 "
microhm. microhm.
Resistance of 1 inch cube at 0°C. (32° F.) .6292 .6433
Percentage of resistance change,
per 1° C. (1.8° F.) at about 20° C. (68° F.) = 0.388 per cent.
Electro-chemical Equivalent (Hydrogen = .0105) Cuprous .6667
Cupric .3334 In electricity it has been very extensively used as the negative plate of voltaic batteries. It has its most extensive application as conductors for all classes of electrical leads.
Wikipedia
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.
Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form (native metals). This led to very early human use in several regions, from circa 8000 BC. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to be smelted from sulfide ores, circa 5000 BC; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, c. 4000 BC; and the first metal to be purposely alloyed with another metal, tin, to create bronze, c. 3500 BC.
In the Roman era, copper was mined principally on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal, from aes cyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to cuprum (Latin). Coper (Old English) and copper were derived from this, the later spelling first used around 1530.
Commonly encountered compounds are copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to such minerals as azurite, malachite, and turquoise, and have been used widely and historically as pigments.
Copper used in buildings, usually for roofing, oxidizes to form a green patina of compounds called verdigris. Copper is sometimes used in decorative art, both in its elemental metal form and in compounds as pigments. Copper compounds are used as bacteriostatic agents, fungicides, and wood preservatives.
Copper is essential to all living organisms as a trace dietary mineral because it is a key constituent of the respiratory enzyme complex cytochrome c oxidase. In molluscs and crustaceans, copper is a constituent of the blood pigment hemocyanin, replaced by the iron-complexed hemoglobin in fish and other vertebrates. In humans, copper is found mainly in the liver, muscle, and bone. The adult body contains between 1.4 and 2.1 mg of copper per kilogram of body weight.
