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ivory exostosis - translation to arabic
![Cylindrical ivory casket, Siculo-Arabic, [[Hunt Museum]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cylindrical Ivory Casket.jpg?width=200 "Cylindrical ivory casket, Siculo-Arabic, [[Hunt Museum]].")
![An elaborately carved ivory tusk in [[Sa'dabad Palace]], Iran](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Decorated ivory.JPG?width=200 "An elaborately carved ivory tusk in [[Sa'dabad Palace]], Iran")
![An ivory [[tabernacle]] featuring the Madonna of Caress, France](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ivory tabernacle Louvre OA2587.jpg?width=200 "An ivory [[tabernacle]] featuring the Madonna of Caress, France")
![A depiction of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] and the [[Child Jesus]] crafted in elephant ivory](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Vierge a l'Enfant debout.jpg?width=200 "A depiction of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] and the [[Child Jesus]] crafted in elephant ivory")
![The Bull Leaper, an ivory figurine from the palace of [[Knossos]], [[Crete]], 1500 BC](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The Bull Leaper Knossos 1500BC.jpg?width=200 "The Bull Leaper, an ivory figurine from the palace of [[Knossos]], [[Crete]], 1500 BC")
![pyxis]] with griffins attacking stags. Late 15th century BC](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/AGMA Ivory Pyxis with Griffins Attacking Stags.jpg?width=200 "pyxis]] with griffins attacking stags. Late 15th century BC")
![A piece of carved ivory from the Pushkin Museum representing [[Christ]] blessing Emperor [[Constantine VII]]. Mid 10th century AD](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Porphyrogenetus.jpg?width=200 "A piece of carved ivory from the Pushkin Museum representing [[Christ]] blessing Emperor [[Constantine VII]]. Mid 10th century AD")
![Ivory cover of the [[Codex Aureus of Lorsch]], c. 810, [[Carolingian dynasty]], [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ivory cover of the Lorsch Gospels, c. 810, Carolingian, Victoria and Albert Museum.jpg?width=200 "Ivory cover of the [[Codex Aureus of Lorsch]], c. 810, [[Carolingian dynasty]], [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]")
![Madonna with Child from the [[Philippines]], 1600s](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Madonna with Child, anonymous Filipino artist, 1600s AD, ivory, silver - Cathedral of Seville - Sevilla, Spain - DSC07641.JPG?width=200 "Madonna with Child from the [[Philippines]], 1600s")
![[[Pig]] tusks](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BigUnTusks6184w.jpg?width=200 "[[Pig]] tusks")
![''Battle of Hannibal and Scipio (Alexander's victory over Poros)'', by [[Ignaz Elhafen]], c. 1700, [[Warsaw Royal Castle]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Elhafen Battle of Hannibal and Scipio.jpg?width=200 "''Battle of Hannibal and Scipio (Alexander's victory over Poros)'', by [[Ignaz Elhafen]], c. 1700, [[Warsaw Royal Castle]]")
![Section through the ivory tusk of a [[mammoth]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mammoth ivory hg.jpg?width=200 "Section through the ivory tusk of a [[mammoth]]")
.jpg?width=200 "Carving from Indonesia")
![The ''[[Morgan Casket]]'', an 11th-century ivory casket attributed to Southern Italy, currently in the collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Morgan Casket MET DP100742.jpg?width=200 "The ''[[Morgan Casket]]'', an 11th-century ivory casket attributed to Southern Italy, currently in the collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]")
![A cubical ivory bead or game piece from the collections of the [[Hunt Museum]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ivory bead A.jpg?width=200 "A cubical ivory bead or game piece from the collections of the [[Hunt Museum]]")
![Murshidabad]], [[India]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Royal Peacock Barge LACMA M.82.154.jpg?width=200 "Murshidabad]], [[India]]")
![Ivory workers in [[Calcutta]], c. 1903](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ivory workers in Calcutta (c. 1903).jpg?width=200 "Ivory workers in [[Calcutta]], c. 1903")
عاج
Wikipedia
Subungual exostoses are a type of non-cancerous bone tumor of the chondrogenic type, and consists of bone and cartilage. It usually projects from the upper surface of the big toe underlying the nailbed, giving rise to a painful swelling that destroys the nail. Subsequent ulceration and infection may occur.
There is an association with trauma and infection. Diagnosis involves medical imaging to exclude other similar conditions, particularly osteochondroma. X-ray appearance may reveal a bony protuberance attached to the top or side surface of a toe bone.
Treatment is by surgical excision and is effective.
More than half are under the age of 18 years and males are affected equally to females. Combined with bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation, they comprise <5% of cartilage tumors.
