disuse$22310$ - translation to greek
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disuse$22310$ - translation to greek

HYPOTHESIS THAT AN ORGANISM CAN PASS ON CHARACTERISTICS THAT IT HAS ACQUIRED THROUGH USE OR DISUSE DURING ITS LIFETIME TO ITS OFFSPRING
Lamarckian evolution; Lamarckianism; Lamarckian; Acquired feature inheritance; Inheritance of acquired traits; Inheritance of acquired characteristics; Lamarkism; Soft inheritance; Lamarckian inheritance; Inheritance of acquired character; Neo-Lamarckism; Acquired characteristics; Lamarckian Evolution; Use inheritance; Inheritance of acquired characters; Neo-lamarckism; Theories of Larmarck; Weismann's experiment; Use and disuse; Neo-Lamarckian
  • [[Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard]] tried to demonstrate Lamarckism by mutilating [[guinea pig]]s.
  • methylation]], enabling a neo-Lamarckian pattern of inheritance for some generations.
  • [[Charles Darwin]]'s [[pangenesis]] theory. Every part of the body emits tiny gemmules which migrate to the [[gonad]]s and contribute to the next generation via the fertilised egg. Changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as in Lamarckism.
  • The long neck of the [[giraffe]] is often used as an example in popular explanations of Lamarckism. However, this was only a small part of his theory of evolution towards "perfection"; it was a hypothetical illustration; and he used it to discuss his theory of heredity, not evolution.<ref name="Ghiselin1994"/>
  • [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] repeated the ancient folk wisdom of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
  • genera]]. Lamarckism is the name now widely used for the adaptive force.
  • Waddington]]'s [[genetic assimilation]]. All the theories offer explanations of how organisms respond to a changed environment with adaptive inherited change.
  • Lamarck]] argued, as part of his theory of [[heredity]], that a [[blacksmith]]'s sons inherit the strong muscles he acquires from his work.<ref name=Lamarck1830/>
  • hologenome]]<ref name="Moran Sloan 2015"/>
  • [[Edward J. Steele]]'s disputed<ref name=Bowler1989Hypermutation/> Neo-Lamarckian mechanism involves [[somatic hypermutation]] and [[reverse transcription]] by a [[retrovirus]] to breach the Weismann barrier to [[germline]] [[DNA]].
  • [[Edward Drinker Cope]]
  • [[Paul Kammerer]] claimed in the 1920s to have found evidence for Lamarckian inheritance in [[midwife toad]]s, in a case celebrated by the journalist [[Arthur Koestler]], but the results are thought to be either fraudulent or at best misinterpreted.
  • Soviet]] agricultural policy in the 1930s.
  • develop]] afresh in each generation from the germ plasm, creating an invisible "[[Weismann barrier]]" to Lamarckian influence from the soma to the next generation.

disuse      
n. αχρηστία, ξεσυνηθίζω

Definition

Lamarckism
·noun The theory that structural variations, characteristic of species and genera, are produced in animals and plants by the direct influence of physical environments, and ·esp., in the case of animals, by effort, or by use or disuse of certain organs.

Wikipedia

Lamarckism

Lamarckism, also known as Lamarckian inheritance or neo-Lamarckism, is the notion that an organism can pass on to its offspring physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime. It is also called the inheritance of acquired characteristics or more recently soft inheritance. The idea is named after the French zoologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829), who incorporated the classical era theory of soft inheritance into his theory of evolution as a supplement to his concept of orthogenesis, a drive towards complexity.

Introductory textbooks contrast Lamarckism with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. However, Darwin's book On the Origin of Species gave credence to the idea of heritable effects of use and disuse, as Lamarck had done, and his own concept of pangenesis similarly implied soft inheritance.

Many researchers from the 1860s onwards attempted to find evidence for Lamarckian inheritance, but these have all been explained away, either by other mechanisms such as genetic contamination or as fraud. August Weismann's experiment, considered definitive in its time, is now considered to have failed to disprove Lamarckism, as it did not address use and disuse. Later, Mendelian genetics supplanted the notion of inheritance of acquired traits, eventually leading to the development of the modern synthesis, and the general abandonment of Lamarckism in biology. Despite this, interest in Lamarckism has continued.

Studies in the fields of epigenetics, genetics, and somatic hypermutation have highlighted limited inheritance of traits acquired by the previous generation. The characterization of these findings as Lamarckism has been disputed. The inheritance of the hologenome, consisting of the genomes of all an organism's symbiotic microbes as well as its own genome, is also somewhat Lamarckian in effect, though entirely Darwinian in its mechanisms.