domestication$22597$ - translation to greek
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domestication$22597$ - translation to greek

DOMASTICATION OF ANIMAL IS MUTUL RELATIONS BETWEEN HUMANS AND ANIMALS
Animal domestication; Semi-domestic animals; Domestication of mammals; Vertebrate domestication; Domestication of vertebrates
  • Domesticated dairy cows in North India
  • [[Dog]]s and [[sheep]] were among the first animals to be domesticated.
  • Hereford cattle, domesticated for beef production.
  • Evolution of temperatures in the postglacial period, after the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], showing very low temperatures for the most part of the Younger Dryas, rapidly rising afterwards to reach the level of the warm [[Holocene]], based on [[Greenland ice cores]].<ref name=Zalloua2017/>
  • Kazakh shepherd with horse and dogs. Their job is to guard the sheep from predators.
  • Traits used to define the animal domestication syndrome<ref name=lord2020/>
  • Reduction in skull size with neoteny - grey wolf and chihuahua skulls
  • Pig herding in fog, Armenia. Human selection for domestic traits is not affected by later gene flow from wild boar.<ref name=frantz2015/><ref name=pennisi2015/>

domestication      
n. εξημέρωση
camel meat         
  • 120px
  • Commercial camel market headcount in 2003
  • Republic Day Parade]], New Delhi (2004)
  • Magdhaba]]'', Egypt, 23 December 1916, by [[Harold Septimus Power]] (1925)
  • A camel's thick coat is one of its many adaptations that aid it in desert-like conditions.<!---Don't move this image up or it causes a break in the text on wide screens--->
  • Skull of an F1 hybrid camel, [[Museum of Osteology]], Oklahoma
  • A camel calf nursing on [[camel milk]]
  • A man on a camel, [[Tang dynasty]]
  • Domesticated camel calves lying in sternal recumbency, a position that aids heat loss
  • Bulgarian military]] during the [[First Balkan War]], 1912
  • pulao]], from Pakistan
  • 120px
  • Somalia]], which has the world's largest camel population<ref name="Bernstein"/>
  • Camels in the [[Guelta d'Archei]], in northeastern [[Chad]]
  • Palestine]] (now in [[Israel]]) - 1870s drawing
  • Somali]] camel meat and rice dish
  • Woman breastfeeding on a camel, [[Tang dynasty]]
  • A camel carrying supplies, [[Tang dynasty]]
  • 120px
GENUS OF MAMMALS
Camels; Camelus; Tylopopod; Two-Humped Camel; Camelids, new world; Heavy Camel; Camel's milk; Camel meat; Bedouin camel; Dulla (organ); Doula (anatomy); The ship of the desert; Ship of the desert; Rakuda; Camel driver; Cameleer; Cameleers; Evolution of camels; Camels in religion; Domestication of the camel; Camel herding; Camel breeding; Cultural depictions of camels; List of camel parasites; List of camel diseases
παστουρμάς

Definition

Domesticated
·Impf & ·p.p. of Domesticate.

Wikipedia

Domestication of animals

The domestication of animals is the mutual relationship between non-human animals and the humans who have influence on their care and reproduction.

Charles Darwin recognized a small number of traits that made domesticated species different from their wild ancestors. He was also the first to recognize the difference between conscious selective breeding (i.e. artificial selection) in which humans directly select for desirable traits, and unconscious selection where traits evolve as a by-product of natural selection or from selection on other traits. There is a genetic difference between domestic and wild populations. There is also a genetic difference between the domestication traits that researchers believe to have been essential at the early stages of domestication, and the improvement traits that have appeared since the split between wild and domestic populations. Domestication traits are generally fixed within all domesticates, and were selected during the initial episode of domestication of that animal or plant, whereas improvement traits are present only in a portion of domesticates, though they may be fixed in individual breeds or regional populations.

Domestication should not be confused with taming. Taming is the conditioned behavioral modification of a wild-born animal when its natural avoidance of humans is reduced and it accepts the presence of humans, but domestication is the permanent genetic modification of a bred lineage that leads to an inherited predisposition toward humans. Certain animal species, and certain individuals within those species, make better candidates for domestication than others because they exhibit certain behavioral characteristics: (1) the size and organization of their social structure; (2) the availability and the degree of selectivity in their choice of mates; (3) the ease and speed with which the parents bond with their young, and the maturity and mobility of the young at birth; (4) the degree of flexibility in diet and habitat tolerance; and (5) responses to humans and new environments, including flight responses and reactivity to external stimuli.: Fig 1 

It is proposed that there were three major pathways that most animal domesticates followed into domestication: (1) commensals, adapted to a human niche (e.g., dogs, cats, fowl, possibly pigs); (2) animals sought for food and other byproducts (e.g., sheep, goats, cattle, water buffalo, yak, pig, reindeer, llama, alpaca, and turkey); and (3) targeted animals for draft and nonfood resources (e.g., horse, donkey, camel). The dog was the first to be domesticated, and was established across Eurasia before the end of the Late Pleistocene era, well before cultivation and before the domestication of other animals. Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. The archaeological and genetic data suggest that long-term bidirectional gene flow between wild and domestic stocks – including donkeys, horses, New and Old World camelids, goats, sheep, and pigs – was common. One study has concluded that human selection for domestic traits likely counteracted the homogenizing effect of gene flow from wild boars into pigs and created domestication islands in the genome. The same process may also apply to other domesticated animals. Some of the most commonly domesticated animals are cats and dogs.