Michels R - translation to English
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Michels R - translation to English

GERMAN SOCIOLOGIST
R. Michels; Michels, Robert
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r         
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  • 18th-century example of use of ''r rotunda'' in English blackletter typography
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  • Early Greek Rho
  • Cursive R-rotunda
  • Letter ''R'' from the alphabet by [[Luca Pacioli]], in ''[[De divina proportione]]'' (1509)
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  • The word ''prognatus'' as written on the [[Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus]] (280 BC) reveals the full development of the Latin ''R'' by that time; the letter ''P'' at the same time still retains its archaic shape distinguishing it from Greek or Old Italic ''rho''.
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LETTER OF THE LATIN ALPHABET
ℛ; Vōx canīna; R; R (letter); Ʀ (letter); Vox Canina; ASCII 82; ASCII 114; U+0052; U+0072; Vōx Canīna; Vox canina; Littera canīna; Littera canina; Letter R; Letter r
r noun pl. Rs, R's восемнадцатая буква англ. алфавита - the three R's
r         
  • x30px
  • 18th-century example of use of ''r rotunda'' in English blackletter typography
  • 20px
  • 20px
  • Early Greek Rho
  • Cursive R-rotunda
  • Letter ''R'' from the alphabet by [[Luca Pacioli]], in ''[[De divina proportione]]'' (1509)
  • x30px
  • The word ''prognatus'' as written on the [[Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus]] (280 BC) reveals the full development of the Latin ''R'' by that time; the letter ''P'' at the same time still retains its archaic shape distinguishing it from Greek or Old Italic ''rho''.
  • x40px
LETTER OF THE LATIN ALPHABET
ℛ; Vōx canīna; R; R (letter); Ʀ (letter); Vox Canina; ASCII 82; ASCII 114; U+0052; U+0072; Vōx Canīna; Vox canina; Littera canīna; Littera canina; Letter R; Letter r

[ɑ:]

общая лексика

вч

радиоизлучение

радиоимпульс

радиочастотный

существительное

общая лексика

18-я буква английского алфавита

восемнадцатая буква англ. алфавита

r         
  • x30px
  • 18th-century example of use of ''r rotunda'' in English blackletter typography
  • 20px
  • 20px
  • Early Greek Rho
  • Cursive R-rotunda
  • Letter ''R'' from the alphabet by [[Luca Pacioli]], in ''[[De divina proportione]]'' (1509)
  • x30px
  • The word ''prognatus'' as written on the [[Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus]] (280 BC) reveals the full development of the Latin ''R'' by that time; the letter ''P'' at the same time still retains its archaic shape distinguishing it from Greek or Old Italic ''rho''.
  • x40px
LETTER OF THE LATIN ALPHABET
ℛ; Vōx canīna; R; R (letter); Ʀ (letter); Vox Canina; ASCII 82; ASCII 114; U+0052; U+0072; Vōx Canīna; Vox canina; Littera canīna; Littera canina; Letter R; Letter r
оcк studded
усеянный скалами

Definition

Михельс
(Michels)

Роберт (9.1.1876, Кельн, - 3.5.1936, Рим), историк, экономист и социолог. По происхождению немец, в 1926 принял итальянское гражданство. С 1903 преподавал историю, экономику и социологию в университетах Брюсселя, Базеля, Рима, Турина и Перуджи. На М. оказали влияние идеи В. Парето и Г. Моска (Италия). Изучал классы буржуазного общества, политическую роль интеллигенции. В основной работе "Социология политической партии в условиях современной демократии" (1911) выдвинул т. н. "железный закон олигархических тенденций" в буржуазной демократии, согласно которому деятельность демократии строго ограничивается в связи с необходимостью существования организации, опирающейся на "активное меньшинство" (элиту), поскольку "прямое господство масс технически невозможно" и приведёт к гибели демократии. Наряду с этим М. указывал на опасность "вождизма" в демократических организациях. Накануне 1-й мировой войны 1914-18 М. порвал с нем. и итал. социалистическим движением, в котором участвовал несколько лет, выступил с резкой критикой марксизма. В конце жизни восхвалял фашизм. В. И. Ленин, указывая на "поверхностность" М., отмечал, что в его книге об итальянском империализме собран ценный материал (см. Полное собрание соч., 5 изд., т. 27, с. 14-15). Реакционные взгляды М. подверглись критике итальянскими коммунистами, особенно А. Грамши (см. Избраные произведения, т. 2, 1957, с. 63, т. 3, 1959, с. 137-38).

Соч.: Proletariat und Bourgeoisie in der sozialistischen Bewegung Italiens..., Bd 1-2, Tübingen, 1905-06; Zur Soziologie des Parteiwesens in der modernen Dernokratie, B., 1911; Probleme der Sozialphilosophie, Lpz. - B., 1914; Problemi di sociologia applicata, Torino, 1919; Corso di sociologia politica, Mil., 1927; Studi sulla democrazia e sull'autoritá, Firenze, 1933; Nuovi studi sulla classe politica..., Roma, 1936; в рус. пер. - Что такое патриотизм, К., 1906.

И. С. Добронравов.

Wikipedia

Robert Michels

Robert Michels (German: [ˈmɪçəls]; 9 January 1876 – 3 May 1936) was a German-born Italian sociologist who contributed to elite theory by describing the political behavior of intellectual elites.

He belonged to the Italian school of elitism. He is best known for his book Political Parties, published in 1911, which contains a description of the "iron law of oligarchy." He was a friend and disciple of Max Weber, Werner Sombart and Achille Loria.

Politically, he moved from the Social Democratic Party of Germany to the Italian Socialist Party, adhering to the Italian revolutionary syndicalist wing and later to Italian Fascism, which he saw as a more democratic form of socialism. His ideas provided the basis of moderation theory which delineates the processes through which radical political groups are incorporated into the existing political system.

Examples of use of Michels R
1. "I think the stars are aligned," said state House Speaker Matthew Michels (R). "Simply put, now is the time." Planned Parenthood, which operates the only abortion clinic in South Dakota, has pledged to sue over the measure.
What is the Russian for r? Translation of &#39r&#39 to Russian