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Romanesque - translation to English
WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE
Romanesque architecture and art; ROMANESQUE; Romanesque (disambiguation)
Romanesque
(adj.) = románico
Ex: He had never before taken the time to examine the immense two-story granite structure of modified Romanesque design, with its massive arched entrance generously treated with carved ornament.
Ex: He had never before taken the time to examine the immense two-story granite structure of modified Romanesque design, with its massive arched entrance generously treated with carved ornament.
Romanesque
románico
Romanesque style
![St-Sernin basilica]], [[Toulouse]], France: elevation of the east end (1080–1120)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/StSerninToulousDB22.jpg?width=200 "St-Sernin basilica]], [[Toulouse]], France: elevation of the east end (1080–1120)")
![Portal, Church of Santa Maria, Viu de Llevata, [[Catalonia]], Spain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Viu_de_Llevata,_Alta_Ribagorça._Església_de_Sta._Maria_(A-SiT_D9236).jpg?width=200 "Portal, Church of Santa Maria, Viu de Llevata, [[Catalonia]], Spain")
![The vault at the [[Abbey Church of Saint Foy]], [[Conques]], France](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Voûte_en_berceau_Conques.JPG?width=200 "The vault at the [[Abbey Church of Saint Foy]], [[Conques]], France")
![Cloister of the [[Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano]], Rome](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rooma 2006 047.jpg?width=200 "Cloister of the [[Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano]], Rome")
![Bell tower of [[Angoulême Cathedral]], Charente, SW France](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ang cath c1.JPG?width=200 "Bell tower of [[Angoulême Cathedral]], Charente, SW France")
![Window and Lombard band of the Rotunda of San Tomè, [[Almenno San Bartolomeo]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tomè14.JPG?width=200 "Window and Lombard band of the Rotunda of San Tomè, [[Almenno San Bartolomeo]]")
![Saint Nicholas Rotunda in [[Cieszyn]], Poland](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cieszyn 9891 crop.JPG?width=200 "Saint Nicholas Rotunda in [[Cieszyn]], Poland")
![Romanesque house in [[Poreč]], Croatia](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Poreč064.jpg?width=200 "Romanesque house in [[Poreč]], Croatia")
![The Civic Hall in [[Massa Marittima]], Italy](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Palazzo Comunale Massa Marittima crop.JPG?width=200 "The Civic Hall in [[Massa Marittima]], Italy")
![Abbey Church of St James, [[Lébény]], Hungary (1208)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lebeny-churche1.jpg?width=200 "Abbey Church of St James, [[Lébény]], Hungary (1208)")
![The keep of [[Conisbrough Castle]], England](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Conisbrough Castle keep - geograph.org.uk - 922015 crop.JPG?width=200 "The keep of [[Conisbrough Castle]], England")
![[[Santa María del Naranco]], [[Oviedo]], Spain, AD 848. Built as a palace for [[Ramiro I of Asturias]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Santa Maria del Naranco 2 crop.JPG?width=200 "[[Santa María del Naranco]], [[Oviedo]], Spain, AD 848. Built as a palace for [[Ramiro I of Asturias]].")
![[[Santa Maria in Cosmedin]], Rome (8th – early 12th century) has a basilical plan and reuses ancient Roman columns.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Santa Maria in Cosmedin-templom belso.jpg?width=200 "[[Santa Maria in Cosmedin]], Rome (8th – early 12th century) has a basilical plan and reuses ancient Roman columns.")
![[[Charlemagne]]'s [[Palatine Chapel, Aachen]], 9th century, modelled on the Byzantine church of San Vitale, Ravenna](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Aachener1723aDom.jpg?width=200 "[[Charlemagne]]'s [[Palatine Chapel, Aachen]], 9th century, modelled on the Byzantine church of San Vitale, Ravenna")
![[[St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim]] has similar characteristics to the church in the Plan of Saint Gall.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078941-0014, Hildesheim, Michaeliskirche.jpg?width=200 "[[St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim]] has similar characteristics to the church in the Plan of Saint Gall.")
![White Tower]] as his stronghold and residence](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/London Tower (1).JPG?width=200 "White Tower]] as his stronghold and residence")
![[[Speyer Cathedral]], begun by [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1030, as an expression of imperial power and architectural innovation](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Speyer---Cathedral---South-View---(Gentry).jpg?width=200 "[[Speyer Cathedral]], begun by [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1030, as an expression of imperial power and architectural innovation")
![Castello di Venere}}, [[Erice]] (12th–13th century), is one of many built by the [[Normans]] in [[Sicily]], Italy.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Erice castle.jpg?width=200 "Castello di Venere}}, [[Erice]] (12th–13th century), is one of many built by the [[Normans]] in [[Sicily]], Italy.")
![Many towns, such as [[San Gimignano]], were enclosed with walls, causing crowding and the building of tower houses](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/San Gimignano.JPG?width=200 "Many towns, such as [[San Gimignano]], were enclosed with walls, causing crowding and the building of tower houses")
![Many parish churches across Europe, such as this in [[Vestre Slidre]], Norway, are of Romanesque foundation.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Slidredomen, Vestre Slidre.JPG?width=200 "Many parish churches across Europe, such as this in [[Vestre Slidre]], Norway, are of Romanesque foundation.")
![The Romanesque [[Sénanque Abbey]] church and surrounding monastic buildings, Gordes, [[Provence]], France](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Abbey-of-senanque-provence-gordes.jpg?width=200 "The Romanesque [[Sénanque Abbey]] church and surrounding monastic buildings, Gordes, [[Provence]], France")
![Celles]], Belgium, were administered by lay canons.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Celles JPG00.jpg?width=200 "Celles]], Belgium, were administered by lay canons.")
![Many cathedrals such as [[Trier Cathedral]], Germany, date from this period, with many later additions.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Trier Dom BW 24.JPG?width=200 "Many cathedrals such as [[Trier Cathedral]], Germany, date from this period, with many later additions.")
![The [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]], [[Jerusalem]], a major pilgrimage site from the 4th century onwards. Its rotunda inspired the construction of many Romanesque circular churches.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jerusalem Holy Sepulchre BW 23.JPG?width=200 "The [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]], [[Jerusalem]], a major pilgrimage site from the 4th century onwards. Its rotunda inspired the construction of many Romanesque circular churches.")
![crusader]] knights, the inner fortress of [[Krak des Chevaliers]], [[Syria]], was mainly constructed in this period, with the outer walls being later.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Krak des chevaliers15(js).jpg?width=200 "crusader]] knights, the inner fortress of [[Krak des Chevaliers]], [[Syria]], was mainly constructed in this period, with the outer walls being later.")
![The Abbey of Saint Foy, [[Conques]], France, was one of many such abbeys to be built along the pilgrimage [[Way of St James]] that led to [[Santiago de Compostela]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Abbatiale de Conques.jpg?width=200 "The Abbey of Saint Foy, [[Conques]], France, was one of many such abbeys to be built along the pilgrimage [[Way of St James]] that led to [[Santiago de Compostela]].")
![Church of Saint Front]], Périgueux, France, was influenced by [[Byzantine architecture]] seen by the Crusaders. The present appearance is largely due to restorer [[Paul Abadie]], mid-19th century.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Périgueux 3.JPG?width=200 "Church of Saint Front]], Périgueux, France, was influenced by [[Byzantine architecture]] seen by the Crusaders. The present appearance is largely due to restorer [[Paul Abadie]], mid-19th century.")
![The [[basilica of Saint-Sernin]] in [[Toulouse]] is the archetype of large pilgrimage churches, where pilgrims could walk around the church via the transept and the choir chapels.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Toulouse - View on Saint Sernin.jpg?width=200 "The [[basilica of Saint-Sernin]] in [[Toulouse]] is the archetype of large pilgrimage churches, where pilgrims could walk around the church via the transept and the choir chapels.")
![Genga]], Italy, of undressed stone, has a typically fortress-like appearance with small windows of early Romanesque.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Abaziasanvittorefrasassi.jpg?width=200 "Genga]], Italy, of undressed stone, has a typically fortress-like appearance with small windows of early Romanesque.")
![[[Castle Rising Castle]], England, shows flat buttresses and reinforcing at the corners of the building typical in both castles and churches.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Castle-rising-castle.JPG?width=200 "[[Castle Rising Castle]], England, shows flat buttresses and reinforcing at the corners of the building typical in both castles and churches.")
![[[Cerisy Abbey]], [[Normandy]], France, has a compact appearance with aisles rising through two storeys buttressing the vault.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/FranceNormandieCerisyLaForetAbbaye.jpg?width=200 "[[Cerisy Abbey]], [[Normandy]], France, has a compact appearance with aisles rising through two storeys buttressing the vault.")
![[[St Albans Cathedral]] England, demonstrates the typical alterations made to the fabric of many Romanesque buildings in different styles and materials](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/StAlbansCathedral-PS01.JPG?width=200 "[[St Albans Cathedral]] England, demonstrates the typical alterations made to the fabric of many Romanesque buildings in different styles and materials")
![Sant'Ambrogio]], Milan, Italy, is a harmonious composition of similar arches.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/9986 - Milano - Sant'Ambrogio - Atrio - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 25-Apr-2007.jpg?width=200 "Sant'Ambrogio]], Milan, Italy, is a harmonious composition of similar arches.")
![Notre Dame du Puy]], le Puy en Velay, France, has a more complex arrangement of diversified arches: Doors of varying widths, blind arcading, windows and open arcades.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Le Puy en Velay 03.jpg?width=200 "Notre Dame du Puy]], le Puy en Velay, France, has a more complex arrangement of diversified arches: Doors of varying widths, blind arcading, windows and open arcades.")
![[[Collegiate Church of Saint Gertrude, Nivelles]], Belgium, uses fine shafts of Belgian marble to define alternating blind openings and windows. Upper windows are similarly separated into two openings by colonettes.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nivelles JPG00 (5) lighter sky.JPG?width=200 "[[Collegiate Church of Saint Gertrude, Nivelles]], Belgium, uses fine shafts of Belgian marble to define alternating blind openings and windows. Upper windows are similarly separated into two openings by colonettes.")
![[[Worms Cathedral]], Germany, displays a great variety of openings and arcades including wheel and rose windows, many small simple windows, galleries and Lombard courses.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Detall de la Catedral de Worms sky adj.JPG?width=200 "[[Worms Cathedral]], Germany, displays a great variety of openings and arcades including wheel and rose windows, many small simple windows, galleries and Lombard courses.")
![The south portal of the [[Abbey of Saint-Pierre, Moissac]], France, has a square door divided by an ornate doorpost, surmounted by a carved tympanum and set within a vast arched porch.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Abadia de Saint-Pierre de Moissac - Portalada sud.JPG?width=200 "The south portal of the [[Abbey of Saint-Pierre, Moissac]], France, has a square door divided by an ornate doorpost, surmounted by a carved tympanum and set within a vast arched porch.")
![St Michael's, [[Hildesheim]], shows two columns set between the piers.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hildesheim St Michael alternation of arcade.jpg?width=200 "St Michael's, [[Hildesheim]], shows two columns set between the piers.")
![[[Mainz Cathedral]], Germany, has rectangular piers and possibly the earliest example of an internal elevation of three stages. (Gothic vault)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mainzer Dom Wandaufriss.jpg?width=200 "[[Mainz Cathedral]], Germany, has rectangular piers and possibly the earliest example of an internal elevation of three stages. (Gothic vault)")
![[[Malmesbury Abbey]], England, has hollow core columns, probably filled with rubble. (Gothic vault)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MalmesburyAbbey.JPG?width=200 "[[Malmesbury Abbey]], England, has hollow core columns, probably filled with rubble. (Gothic vault)")
![The [[cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]], Spain, has large drum columns with attached shafts supporting a barrel vault.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SantCompostela21.jpg?width=200 "The [[cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]], Spain, has large drum columns with attached shafts supporting a barrel vault.")
![[[Durham Cathedral]], England, has decorated masonry columns alternating with piers of clustered shafts.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Durham - Cathedral - panoramio crop piers and columns.jpg?width=200 "[[Durham Cathedral]], England, has decorated masonry columns alternating with piers of clustered shafts.")
![Pisa Campanile]], Italy](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Capitel en la Torre de Pisa.JPG?width=200 "Pisa Campanile]], Italy")
![Capital of Corinthian form with Byzantine decoration and carved dosseret, [[San Martín de Tours]], [[Frómista]], Palencia, Spain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fromista - Iglesia San Martin 20.jpg?width=200 "Capital of Corinthian form with Byzantine decoration and carved dosseret, [[San Martín de Tours]], [[Frómista]], Palencia, Spain")
![Capital of convex cubic form with its abacus, concave dosseret and cable decoration defined by polychrome. [[Herina]]. Capitals of this shape are often decorated with "Barbaric" carvings of foliage, and mythical creatures.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Herina capital crop.jpg?width=200 "Capital of convex cubic form with its abacus, concave dosseret and cable decoration defined by polychrome. [[Herina]]. Capitals of this shape are often decorated with \"Barbaric\" carvings of foliage, and mythical creatures.")
![Irish manuscripts]]. [[Grande-Sauve Abbey]], France](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Abbaye de la Sauve Majeure - Interlaced Asps.JPG?width=200 "Irish manuscripts]]. [[Grande-Sauve Abbey]], France")
![Capital of amorphous form surmounting a cluster of shafts. The figurative carving shows a winged devil directing Herod to slaughter the Innocents. [[Monastery of San Juan de Duero]], Soria, Spain.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Capitel románico.jpg?width=200 "Capital of amorphous form surmounting a cluster of shafts. The figurative carving shows a winged devil directing Herod to slaughter the Innocents. [[Monastery of San Juan de Duero]], Soria, Spain.")
![The painted barrel vault at the [[Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]] is supported on tall marbled columns.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Saint-Savin nef.jpg?width=200 "The painted barrel vault at the [[Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]] is supported on tall marbled columns.")
![The nave of [[Lisbon Cathedral]] is covered by a series of transverse barrel vaults separated by transverse arches and has an upper, arched gallery (triforium).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lisboa IMG 6823 (20933435239).jpg?width=200 "The nave of [[Lisbon Cathedral]] is covered by a series of transverse barrel vaults separated by transverse arches and has an upper, arched gallery (triforium).")
![The Church of [[St Philibert, Tournus]], has a series of transverse barrel vaults supported on diaphragm arches.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/TournusTonnengewölbe.jpg?width=200 "The Church of [[St Philibert, Tournus]], has a series of transverse barrel vaults supported on diaphragm arches.")
![Abbey Church at Mozac]] has groin vaults supported on transverse arches.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/F08.Mozac.0191.JPG?width=200 "Abbey Church at Mozac]] has groin vaults supported on transverse arches.")
![The aisles at [[Peterborough Cathedral]] have quadripartite ribbed vaults. (The nave has an ancient painted wooden ceiling.)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Peterborough south choir aisle.JPG?width=200 "The aisles at [[Peterborough Cathedral]] have quadripartite ribbed vaults. (The nave has an ancient painted wooden ceiling.)")
![Saint-Étienne, Caen]], are sexpartite and span two bays of the nave.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Abbaye aux hommes intérieur 03.jpeg?width=200 "Saint-Étienne, Caen]], are sexpartite and span two bays of the nave.")
![The crossing of [[Speyer Cathedral]], Germany, has a dome on [[squinch]]es.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Speyer (DerHexer) 2010-12-19 014 vertical.jpg?width=200 "The crossing of [[Speyer Cathedral]], Germany, has a dome on [[squinch]]es.")
![plan of the Abbey of St Gall]], Switzerland](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dehio I 42 St Gallen.jpg?width=200 "plan of the Abbey of St Gall]], Switzerland")
![Germany, [[Speyer Cathedral]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dehio 48 Speyer.jpg?width=200 "Germany, [[Speyer Cathedral]]")
![France, [[Autun Cathedral]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Plan.cathedrale.Autun.png?width=200 "France, [[Autun Cathedral]]")
![France, [[Angoulême Cathedral]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Plan.cathedrale.Angouleme.png?width=200 "France, [[Angoulême Cathedral]]")
![England, [[Ely Cathedral]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ElyPlanDehio vertical.jpg?width=200 "England, [[Ely Cathedral]]")
![Spain, [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Santiago de Compostela plan vertical.jpg?width=200 "Spain, [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]]")
![France, [[Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Plan-st-Sernin-Toulouse.png?width=200 "France, [[Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse]]")
![Spain, [[San Isidoro de León]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/San Isidoro Plan Vertical.JPG?width=200 "Spain, [[San Isidoro de León]]")
![[[Modena Cathedral]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Modena cathedral vertical.JPG?width=200 "[[Modena Cathedral]]")
![This drawing is a reconstruction by Dehio of the appearance of the Romanesque [[Konstanz Cathedral]] before its alterations in the Gothic style. It has a typical elevation of nave and aisles with wooden panelled ceilings and an apsidal east end.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dehio I 56 Konstanz Section.jpg?width=200 "This drawing is a reconstruction by Dehio of the appearance of the Romanesque [[Konstanz Cathedral]] before its alterations in the Gothic style. It has a typical elevation of nave and aisles with wooden panelled ceilings and an apsidal east end.")
![This nave elevation of [[Arnsburg Abbey]], Germany, shows the typical arrangement of the nave arcade, aisle, clerestory windows and ribbed vault.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kloster arnsburg zisterzienser klosterkirche aufriss langhaus dehio 1888.jpg?width=200 "This nave elevation of [[Arnsburg Abbey]], Germany, shows the typical arrangement of the nave arcade, aisle, clerestory windows and ribbed vault.")
![Exterior elevation, [[Peterborough Cathedral]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/PeterElevDetailDehio.jpg?width=200 "Exterior elevation, [[Peterborough Cathedral]]")
![The small church of Saint-Andreas [[Szprotawa]], Poland, built in the 13th century has an apsidal east end projecting from a chancel.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Romanesque church of Saint-Andreas Szprotawa, Poland.jpg?width=200 "The small church of Saint-Andreas [[Szprotawa]], Poland, built in the 13th century has an apsidal east end projecting from a chancel.")
![The [[Cathedral of Santa Maria d'Urgell]], Catalonia, has an apsidal east end projecting at a lower level to the choir and decorated with an arcade below the roofline. This form is usual in Italy and Germany.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Seu urgell.jpg?width=200 "The [[Cathedral of Santa Maria d'Urgell]], Catalonia, has an apsidal east end projecting at a lower level to the choir and decorated with an arcade below the roofline. This form is usual in Italy and Germany.")
![The [[Abbey of Sant'Antimo]] has a high apsidal end surrounded by an ambulatory and with small projecting apses.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Abbazia di Sant'Antimo J.JPG?width=200 "The [[Abbey of Sant'Antimo]] has a high apsidal end surrounded by an ambulatory and with small projecting apses.")
![The [[Old Cathedral of Coimbra]], Portugal, is fortress-like and battlemented. The two central openings are deeply recessed.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Coimbra Old Cathedral - Sé Velha de Coimbra crop.JPG?width=200 "The [[Old Cathedral of Coimbra]], Portugal, is fortress-like and battlemented. The two central openings are deeply recessed.")
![[[Church of St. Trophime]], [[Arles]], France. The ornamentation is focused on the porch and the carved Christ in Majesty on the tympanum, typical of French cathedrals.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Arles kirche st trophime fassade sky.JPG?width=200 "[[Church of St. Trophime]], [[Arles]], France. The ornamentation is focused on the porch and the carved Christ in Majesty on the tympanum, typical of French cathedrals.")
![wheel window]] and small porch with columns resting on crouching lions is typical of Italy.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Verona Zeno-cropped.JPG?width=200 "wheel window]] and small porch with columns resting on crouching lions is typical of Italy.")
![[[Pisa Cathedral]], Italy. The entire building is faced with marble striped in white and grey. On the facade this pattern is overlaid with architectonic decoration of blind arcading below tiers of dwarf galleries. The three portals became increasingly common.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Duomo di Pisa Front Facade 2009.jpg?width=200 "[[Pisa Cathedral]], Italy. The entire building is faced with marble striped in white and grey. On the facade this pattern is overlaid with architectonic decoration of blind arcading below tiers of dwarf galleries. The three portals became increasingly common.")
![San Michele Maggiore]], [[Pavia]], The façade has the form of screen, higher than the central nave, with a blind arcade below its roofline. It is divided into three bays by buttresses, has a variety of window openings, and horizontal bands of sculptural decoration.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/802PaviaSMichele.JPG?width=200 "San Michele Maggiore]], [[Pavia]], The façade has the form of screen, higher than the central nave, with a blind arcade below its roofline. It is divided into three bays by buttresses, has a variety of window openings, and horizontal bands of sculptural decoration.")
![The [[Collegiate Church]], [[Empoli]], Italy, represents a screen facade. The polychrome marble decoration divides the facade into zones while giving little indication of the architectural form behind it.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Empoli, collegiata 03.JPG?width=200 "The [[Collegiate Church]], [[Empoli]], Italy, represents a screen facade. The polychrome marble decoration divides the facade into zones while giving little indication of the architectural form behind it.")
![[[Angoulême Cathedral]], France. The facade here, richly decorated with architectonic and sculptural forms, has much in common with that at Empoli in that it screens the form of the building behind it.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Angouleme cathedral StPierre ac.JPG?width=200 "[[Angoulême Cathedral]], France. The facade here, richly decorated with architectonic and sculptural forms, has much in common with that at Empoli in that it screens the form of the building behind it.")
![Saint-Étienne, [[Abbaye aux Hommes]], Caen, France, 11th century, with its tall towers, three portals and neat definition of architectural forms became a model for the facades of many later cathedrals across Europe. 14th-century spires](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mairie de caen 030 crop.JPG?width=200 "Saint-Étienne, [[Abbaye aux Hommes]], Caen, France, 11th century, with its tall towers, three portals and neat definition of architectural forms became a model for the facades of many later cathedrals across Europe. 14th-century spires")
![[[Southwell Cathedral]], England, 1120, follows the Norman model with pyramidal spires as were probably at Saint-Étienne. The Perpendicular window and battlement are late Gothic.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/St. Mary's Minster , West End - geograph.org.uk - 948257.jpg?width=200 "[[Southwell Cathedral]], England, 1120, follows the Norman model with pyramidal spires as were probably at Saint-Étienne. The Perpendicular window and battlement are late Gothic.")
![[[Lisbon Cathedral]], Portugal, 1147, has a similar form to the Old Cathedral of Coimbra above with the addition of two sturdy bell towers in the Norman manner and a wheel window.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Se de Lisboa Frente adj sky.JPG?width=200 "[[Lisbon Cathedral]], Portugal, 1147, has a similar form to the Old Cathedral of Coimbra above with the addition of two sturdy bell towers in the Norman manner and a wheel window.")
![[[Limburg Cathedral]], Germany. The facade, c. 1200, with polychrome plaster, follows the paired-tower model found at several [[Rhineland]] churches. The rose window has [[plate tracery]] and the spires are Rhenish helms.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Limburg Cathedral, West facade 20140917 1.jpg?width=200 "[[Limburg Cathedral]], Germany. The facade, c. 1200, with polychrome plaster, follows the paired-tower model found at several [[Rhineland]] churches. The rose window has [[plate tracery]] and the spires are Rhenish helms.")
![The [[westwork]] of the [[Maria Laach Abbey]], Germany, 12th century, (porch 1225) is typical of Germany, a form that dates to [[Carolingian architecture]] with grouped towers of different plans and both "candle-snuffer" and Rhenish helm spires.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Maria Laach 02.jpg?width=200 "The [[westwork]] of the [[Maria Laach Abbey]], Germany, 12th century, (porch 1225) is typical of Germany, a form that dates to [[Carolingian architecture]] with grouped towers of different plans and both \"candle-snuffer\" and Rhenish helm spires.")
![[[Parma Cathedral]], Italy, 1178, has a screen facade ornamented with galleries. At the centre is an open porch surmounted by a ceremonial balcony. The tower, (Gothic 1284) is a separate structure as usual in Italy.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Parma Dom Fassade4 adjusted.JPG?width=200 "[[Parma Cathedral]], Italy, 1178, has a screen facade ornamented with galleries. At the centre is an open porch surmounted by a ceremonial balcony. The tower, (Gothic 1284) is a separate structure as usual in Italy.")
![The tower of the [[Basilica of San Frediano]], [[Lucca]], has openings that graduate in number, typical of Italian and Spanish Romanesque campanile. (See pic. San Esteban, Segovia, below)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/San Frediano, Lucca, Italy - tower.JPG?width=200 "The tower of the [[Basilica of San Frediano]], [[Lucca]], has openings that graduate in number, typical of Italian and Spanish Romanesque campanile. (See pic. San Esteban, Segovia, below)")
![Paired towers such as those of [[Plankstetten Abbey]], are a typical feature of [[Bavaria]]n and Central European church architecture. (See image of Abbey Church of St James, Lébény, above)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Les tours de l'église abbatiale à Plankstetten en automne.JPG?width=200 "Paired towers such as those of [[Plankstetten Abbey]], are a typical feature of [[Bavaria]]n and Central European church architecture. (See image of Abbey Church of St James, Lébény, above)")
![Abbey church at Cluny]] influenced the building of other polygonal crossing towers in France, Spain and Germany. (See pic. Maria Laach Abbey, above)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Abbaye de Cluny, 2010 crop.jpg?width=200 "Abbey church at Cluny]] influenced the building of other polygonal crossing towers in France, Spain and Germany. (See pic. Maria Laach Abbey, above)")
![The most massive Romanesque crossing tower is that at [[Tewkesbury Abbey]], in England, where large crossing towers are characteristic. (See pic. St Alban's Cathedral, above)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sunlit tower, Tewkesbury Abbey - geograph.org.uk - 1037432.jpg?width=200 "The most massive Romanesque crossing tower is that at [[Tewkesbury Abbey]], in England, where large crossing towers are characteristic. (See pic. St Alban's Cathedral, above)")
![The [[Leaning Tower of Pisa]] with its encircling arcades is the best known (and most richly decorated) of the many circular towers found in Italy.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pisa - Campo Santo - Campanile 1 - 2005-08-08 10-15 4638.JPG?width=200 "The [[Leaning Tower of Pisa]] with its encircling arcades is the best known (and most richly decorated) of the many circular towers found in Italy.")
![Life of Christ]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Verona Italy San Zeno DSC08235.JPG?width=200 "Life of Christ]].")
![The mouldings of the arched central west door of [[Lincoln Cathedral]] are decorated by chevrons and other formal and figurative ornament typical of English Norman. The "Gallery of Kings" above the portal is Gothic](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lincoln cathedral Gallery of Kings.jpg?width=200 "The mouldings of the arched central west door of [[Lincoln Cathedral]] are decorated by chevrons and other formal and figurative ornament typical of English Norman. The \"Gallery of Kings\" above the portal is Gothic")
![The Porta de Praterías, [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]], by Master Esteban, has two wide openings with tympanums supported on brackets. The sculptured frieze above is protected by an eave on corbels.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SantiagoCompostela-PortaPlaterias-bis.jpg?width=200 "The Porta de Praterías, [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]], by Master Esteban, has two wide openings with tympanums supported on brackets. The sculptured frieze above is protected by an eave on corbels.")
![St Gertrude, [[Nivelles]], Belgium, (consecrated 1046) has a nave and aisles divided by piers supporting a clerestorey. The nave is divided by transverse arches. The interior would have been plastered and painted.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nivelles JPG00 (13).jpg?width=200 "St Gertrude, [[Nivelles]], Belgium, (consecrated 1046) has a nave and aisles divided by piers supporting a clerestorey. The nave is divided by transverse arches. The interior would have been plastered and painted.")
![[[San Miniato al Monte]], [[Florence]] (1013–1090) has basilical form, open timber roof and decoration of polychrome marble and mosaic. The decoration continued harmoniously until the apsidal mosaic of 1260.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/San Miniato al Monte Florence Italy.jpg?width=200 "[[San Miniato al Monte]], [[Florence]] (1013–1090) has basilical form, open timber roof and decoration of polychrome marble and mosaic. The decoration continued harmoniously until the apsidal mosaic of 1260.")
![Abbey of St Mary Magdalene]], Vézelay, (consecrated 1104) has clusters of vertical shafts rising to support transverse arches and a groin vault. The dressed polychrome stonework has exquisitely detailed mouldings. East end is Gothic.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Vezelay-Basilique-Nef.JPG?width=200 "Abbey of St Mary Magdalene]], Vézelay, (consecrated 1104) has clusters of vertical shafts rising to support transverse arches and a groin vault. The dressed polychrome stonework has exquisitely detailed mouldings. East end is Gothic.")
![The nave of [[Peterborough Cathedral]] (1118–1193) in three stages of arcade, gallery & clerestory, typical of Norman abbey churches. The rare wooden ceiling retains its original decoration (c. 1230). Gothic arches beneath tower (c. 1350).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Peterborough interior 01 adjusted.jpg?width=200 "The nave of [[Peterborough Cathedral]] (1118–1193) in three stages of arcade, gallery & clerestory, typical of Norman abbey churches. The rare wooden ceiling retains its original decoration (c. 1230). Gothic arches beneath tower (c. 1350).")
![The groin-vaulted crypt of [[Worcester Cathedral]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Worcester cathedral 031 crop.JPG?width=200 "The groin-vaulted crypt of [[Worcester Cathedral]]")
![The chapter house of [[Santa María de la Oliva]], [[Carcastillo]], Spain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Monasterio de la Oliva - Sala Capitular 01.jpg?width=200 "The chapter house of [[Santa María de la Oliva]], [[Carcastillo]], Spain")
![Church of San Esteban]], [[Segovia]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SegoviaSEstebán2 22.4.2003.jpg?width=200 "Church of San Esteban]], [[Segovia]]")
![Lavaudieu Abbey]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Abbaye de Lavaudieu - Cloître - JPG1.jpg?width=200 "Lavaudieu Abbey]]")
![The Baptistery of [[Parma Cathedral]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Battistero.jpg?width=200 "The Baptistery of [[Parma Cathedral]]")
![Castro de Avelãs Monastery]], a unique example in Portugal](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Iglesia de São Bento de Castro de Avelãs (5819068854).jpg?width=200 "Castro de Avelãs Monastery]], a unique example in Portugal")
![Overlapping arches form a blind arcade at St Lawrence's church [[Castle Rising]], England. (1150) The semi-circular arches form pointed arches where they overlap, a motif which may have influenced Gothic.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/St Lawrence's church in Castle Rising - Norman west facade - geograph.org.uk - 1878796.jpg?width=200 "Overlapping arches form a blind arcade at St Lawrence's church [[Castle Rising]], England. (1150) The semi-circular arches form pointed arches where they overlap, a motif which may have influenced Gothic.")
![San Juan de Rabanera Church]] in [[Soria]], Spain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/San Juan de Rabanera-Soria - P7234547.jpg?width=200 "San Juan de Rabanera Church]] in [[Soria]], Spain")
![Dwarf galleries are a major decorative feature on the exterior of [[Speyer Cathedral]], Germany (1090–1106), surrounding the walls and encircling the towers. This was to become a feature of Rhenish Romanesque.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2010.08.14.164600 Dom Speyer lighter.JPG?width=200 "Dwarf galleries are a major decorative feature on the exterior of [[Speyer Cathedral]], Germany (1090–1106), surrounding the walls and encircling the towers. This was to become a feature of Rhenish Romanesque.")
![The eastern apse of [[Parma Cathedral]], Italy, early 12th century, combines a diversity of decorative features: blind arcading, galleries, courses and sculptured motifs.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Duomo di parma, abside sx 01.JPG?width=200 "The eastern apse of [[Parma Cathedral]], Italy, early 12th century, combines a diversity of decorative features: blind arcading, galleries, courses and sculptured motifs.")
![The arcading on the facade of [[Lucca Cathedral]], Tuscany (1204), has many variations in its decorative details, both sculptural and in the inlaid polychrome marble.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Toscana Lucca5 tango7174 lighter.JPG?width=200 "The arcading on the facade of [[Lucca Cathedral]], Tuscany (1204), has many variations in its decorative details, both sculptural and in the inlaid polychrome marble.")
![Polychrome blind arcading of the apse of [[Monreale Cathedral]], Sicily (1174–82). The decoration indicates Islamic influence in both the motifs and the fact that all the arches, including those of the windows, are pointed.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Monreale-bjs-17.jpg?width=200 "Polychrome blind arcading of the apse of [[Monreale Cathedral]], Sicily (1174–82). The decoration indicates Islamic influence in both the motifs and the fact that all the arches, including those of the windows, are pointed.")
![Hermitage of St Segundo, Avila]], has paired creatures. and decorative bands of floral and interlacing. The pairing of creatures could draw on Byzantine and Celtic models.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Avila - Ermita de San Segundo 3.jpg?width=200 "Hermitage of St Segundo, Avila]], has paired creatures. and decorative bands of floral and interlacing. The pairing of creatures could draw on Byzantine and Celtic models.")
![The carving of the polychrome porch of the Saint-Michel-D'aiguilhe chapel, the [[Aiguilhe]], Haute-Loire, France, 11th century, has paired mermaids, and the [[Lamb of God]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Aiguilhe - Chapelle St-Michel - JPG3.jpg?width=200 "The carving of the polychrome porch of the Saint-Michel-D'aiguilhe chapel, the [[Aiguilhe]], Haute-Loire, France, 11th century, has paired mermaids, and the [[Lamb of God]].")
![On these mouldings around the portal of [[Lincoln Cathedral]] are formal chevron ornament, tongue-poking monsters, vines and figures, and symmetrical motifs.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lincoln cathedral 03 West portal.jpg?width=200 "On these mouldings around the portal of [[Lincoln Cathedral]] are formal chevron ornament, tongue-poking monsters, vines and figures, and symmetrical motifs.")
![St Martin's Church, [[Gensac-la-Pallue]] has capitals with elaborate interlacing.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Eglise StMartin Gensac detail portail.JPG?width=200 "St Martin's Church, [[Gensac-la-Pallue]] has capitals with elaborate interlacing.")
![Saint-Sernin of Toulouse]], (c. 1115) shows the Ascension of Christ, surrounded by angels, in a simple composition of standing figures.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tympan - Porte Miégeville - Basilique Saint-Sernin.jpg?width=200 "Saint-Sernin of Toulouse]], (c. 1115) shows the Ascension of Christ, surrounded by angels, in a simple composition of standing figures.")
![Saint-Pierre, Moissac]], is a highly sophisticated, tightly packed design, like a manuscript illumination. Christ is surrounded by the symbols of the [[Four Evangelists]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Portail sud de l' Abbatiale Saint-Pierre de Moissac (3).JPG?width=200 "Saint-Pierre, Moissac]], is a highly sophisticated, tightly packed design, like a manuscript illumination. Christ is surrounded by the symbols of the [[Four Evangelists]].")
![Details of the portal of [[Oloron Cathedral]] show a demon, a lion swallowing a man and kings with musical instruments.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cathedrale Sainte-Marie Oloron portail avaleur.jpg?width=200 "Details of the portal of [[Oloron Cathedral]] show a demon, a lion swallowing a man and kings with musical instruments.")
![A relief from St Trophime, Arles, showing King Herod and the [[Three Kings]], follows the conventions in that the seated Herod is much larger than the standing figures.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Saint-Trophime 805.jpg?width=200 "A relief from St Trophime, Arles, showing King Herod and the [[Three Kings]], follows the conventions in that the seated Herod is much larger than the standing figures.")
![Notre-Dame-en-Vaux, [[Châlons-en-Champagne]]. This paired capital representing Christ washing the feet of the disciples is lively and naturalistic.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ND-en-Vaux Chapiteau 4 adjusted.JPG?width=200 "Notre-Dame-en-Vaux, [[Châlons-en-Champagne]]. This paired capital representing Christ washing the feet of the disciples is lively and naturalistic.")
![San Isidoro]] in [[León, Spain]], has a detailed scheme illustrating Biblical stories.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Leon (San Isidoro, panteón).jpg?width=200 "San Isidoro]] in [[León, Spain]], has a detailed scheme illustrating Biblical stories.")
![Abbey of St Pere of Burgal]], Catalonia, Spain.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Absis de Sant Pere del Burgal, 11th c. fresco crop.JPG?width=200 "Abbey of St Pere of Burgal]], Catalonia, Spain.")
![St John the Baptist, Clayton, Sussex]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/12th-century paintings of Last Judgement (Clayton Church, Sussex).jpg?width=200 "St John the Baptist, Clayton, Sussex]].")
![Anagni Cathedral]], Italy.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Galenoghippokrates.jpg?width=200 "Anagni Cathedral]], Italy.")
![King David from [[Augsburg Cathedral]], late 11th century. One of a series of prophets that are the oldest stained glass windows in situ.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/King David in Augsburg Cathedral light.JPG?width=200 "King David from [[Augsburg Cathedral]], late 11th century. One of a series of prophets that are the oldest stained glass windows in situ.")
![Two panels of lively figures, Seth and Adam from the 12th-century [[Ancestors of Christ]], Canterbury Cathedral, now set into a Perpendicular Gothic window with panels of many different dates](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Canterbury, Canterbury cathedral-stained glass 03 Seth and Adam.JPG?width=200 "Two panels of lively figures, Seth and Adam from the 12th-century [[Ancestors of Christ]], Canterbury Cathedral, now set into a Perpendicular Gothic window with panels of many different dates")
![[[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor]], from a series of Emperors (12th and 13th centuries). The panels are now set into Gothic windows, [[Strasbourg Cathedral]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bas-côté nord, baie VI Otto II Rex (dernier tiers XIIe).jpg?width=200 "[[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor]], from a series of Emperors (12th and 13th centuries). The panels are now set into Gothic windows, [[Strasbourg Cathedral]].")
![A rare and remarkable survival, of "unforgettable beauty", the very large Crucifixion window of [[Poitiers Cathedral]], France](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Poitiers, Cathédrale Saint-Pierre -PM 34985 lighter.JPG?width=200 "A rare and remarkable survival, of \"unforgettable beauty\", the very large Crucifixion window of [[Poitiers Cathedral]], France")
![The facade of [[Laon Cathedral]], 1225, a Gothic cathedral, maintains rounded arches and arcading in the Romanesque manner.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2-Cathédrale de Laon.JPG?width=200 "The facade of [[Laon Cathedral]], 1225, a Gothic cathedral, maintains rounded arches and arcading in the Romanesque manner.")
![[[Ely Cathedral]], England, the central western tower and framing smaller towers all had transitional features, 1180s. The tower to the left fell. Gothic porch, 1250s; lantern, 1390s.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ely Cathedral 3.jpg?width=200 "[[Ely Cathedral]], England, the central western tower and framing smaller towers all had transitional features, 1180s. The tower to the left fell. Gothic porch, 1250s; lantern, 1390s.")
![The facade of the [[Cathedral of Genoa]] has both round and pointed arches, and paired windows, a continuing Romanesque feature of Italian Gothic architecture.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cattedrale di San Lorenzo Genoa.jpg?width=200 "The facade of the [[Cathedral of Genoa]] has both round and pointed arches, and paired windows, a continuing Romanesque feature of Italian Gothic architecture.")
![The Great Hall of [[Oakham Castle]], England, once part of the fortified manor of a Norman [[baron]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Great Hall, Oakham Castle - geograph.org.uk - 92787.jpg?width=200 "The Great Hall of [[Oakham Castle]], England, once part of the fortified manor of a Norman [[baron]]")
![[[Natural History Museum, London]], [[Alfred Waterhouse]], 1879](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Natural History Museum London Jan 2006.jpg?width=200 "[[Natural History Museum, London]], [[Alfred Waterhouse]], 1879")
![Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune, Strasbourg]] (built 1888–1893), is of a type adopted for many churches in the early 20th century.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Absolute Eglise St Pierre Le jeune 01.JPG?width=200 "Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune, Strasbourg]] (built 1888–1893), is of a type adopted for many churches in the early 20th century.")
![The 19th-century reconstruction of the westwerk of the Romanesque [[Speyer Cathedral]]. see above](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Speyer---Cathedral---West-View---(Gentry).jpg?width=200 "The 19th-century reconstruction of the westwerk of the Romanesque [[Speyer Cathedral]]. see above")
![Royce Hall, at [[UCLA]], inspired by The [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]] in [[Milan]], Italy. see above](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Royce Hall straight.JPG?width=200 "Royce Hall, at [[UCLA]], inspired by The [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]] in [[Milan]], Italy. see above")
![[[Stanford Memorial Church]] at [[Stanford University]], US, is a loose interpretation of a Romanesque facade.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Stanford Memorial Church May 2011 002 crop.JPG?width=200 "[[Stanford Memorial Church]] at [[Stanford University]], US, is a loose interpretation of a Romanesque facade.")
![[[Manila Cathedral]], [[Intramuros]], [[Manila]], Philippines](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/02216jfManila Cathedral Intramuros Manila Palacio del Gobernador Landmarksfvf 11.jpg?width=200 "[[Manila Cathedral]], [[Intramuros]], [[Manila]], Philippines")
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE
Romanesque style; Romanesque Art and Architecture; Romanesque Style; Burgundian Romanesque Style; Roman (architecture); Romanesque Architecture; Apulian Romanesque architecture; Romanesque arch; Early Romanesque; Romanesque church; Romanesque (architecture); Late Romanesque style; Romanesque architectural style
n. estilo romanesco o románico, estilo en arquitectura o bellas artes que prevaleció en Europa desde el siglo XIX hasta el siglo XII
Definition
Romanesque
Romanesque architecture is in the style that was common in western Europe around the eleventh century. It is characterized by rounded arches and thick pillars.
ADJ: usu ADJ n
Examples of use of Romanesque
1. Luckily the romanesque spire of the Catholic cathedral acts as a perfect marker.
2. The band proffers melodies as imposing as Romanesque architecture, solid and symmetrical.
3. We spent our days riding through green valleys and passing villages and hamlets with Romanesque churches and houses.
4. It is famous for its 750–year–old cathedral with its two 515–foot landmark steeples and 12 Romanesque churches.
5. To descend into its forest of stumpy vaults and Romanesque capitals is to join a thousand years of occupying spirits.