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muscle asthenia - traducción al árabe
![(a) Some ATP is stored in a resting muscle. As contraction starts, it is used up in seconds. More ATP is generated from creatine phosphate for about 15 seconds. (b) Each glucose molecule produces two ATP and two molecules of pyruvic acid, which can be used in aerobic respiration or converted to [[lactic acid]]. If oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which may contribute to [[muscle fatigue]]. This occurs during strenuous exercise when high amounts of energy are needed but oxygen cannot be sufficiently delivered to muscle. (c) Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Approximately 95 percent of the ATP required for resting or moderately active muscles is provided by aerobic respiration, which takes place in mitochondria.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/1016 Muscle Metabolism.jpg?width=200 "(a) Some ATP is stored in a resting muscle. As contraction starts, it is used up in seconds. More ATP is generated from creatine phosphate for about 15 seconds. (b) Each glucose molecule produces two ATP and two molecules of pyruvic acid, which can be used in aerobic respiration or converted to [[lactic acid]]. If oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which may contribute to [[muscle fatigue]]. This occurs during strenuous exercise when high amounts of energy are needed but oxygen cannot be sufficiently delivered to muscle. (c) Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Approximately 95 percent of the ATP required for resting or moderately active muscles is provided by aerobic respiration, which takes place in mitochondria.")
![Types of [[pennate muscle]]. A – [[unipennate]]; B – [[bipennate]];
C – [[multipennate]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fiederung.svg?width=200 "Types of [[pennate muscle]]. A – [[unipennate]]; B – [[bipennate]];
C – [[multipennate]]")
![[[Human embryo]] showing [[somite]]s labelled as ''primitive segments''.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gray20.png?width=200 "[[Human embryo]] showing [[somite]]s labelled as ''primitive segments''.")
![polypeptide]] tail (only one tail of each pair is shown). The pairs of histones, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, each have [[lysine]]s (K) in their tails, some of which are subject to post-translational modifications consisting, usually, of acetylations [Ac] and methylations {me}. The lysines (K) are designated with a number showing their position as, for instance, (K4), indicating lysine as the 4th amino acid from the amino (N) end of the tail in the histone protein. The particular acetylations [Ac] and methylations {Me} shown are those that occur on nucleosomes close to, or at, some DNA regions undergoing transcriptional activation of the DNA wrapped around the nucleosome.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Histone tails set for transcriptional activation.jpg?width=200 "polypeptide]] tail (only one tail of each pair is shown). The pairs of histones, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, each have [[lysine]]s (K) in their tails, some of which are subject to post-translational modifications consisting, usually, of acetylations [Ac] and methylations {me}. The lysines (K) are designated with a number showing their position as, for instance, (K4), indicating lysine as the 4th amino acid from the amino (N) end of the tail in the histone protein. The particular acetylations [Ac] and methylations {Me} shown are those that occur on nucleosomes close to, or at, some DNA regions undergoing transcriptional activation of the DNA wrapped around the nucleosome.")
![Prisoner of war exhibiting muscle loss as a result of [[malnutrition]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Japanese atrocities. Philippines, China, Burma, Japan - NARA - 292600.jpg?width=200 "Prisoner of war exhibiting muscle loss as a result of [[malnutrition]].")
![[[Jogging]] is one form of aerobic exercise.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jogging couple.jpg?width=200 "[[Jogging]] is one form of aerobic exercise.")
![In [[muscular dystrophy]], the affected tissues become disorganized and the concentration of [[dystrophin]] (green) is greatly reduced.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MuscularDystrophy.png?width=200 "In [[muscular dystrophy]], the affected tissues become disorganized and the concentration of [[dystrophin]] (green) is greatly reduced.")
![Structure of muscle fibre showing a sarcomere under [[electron microscope]] with schematic explanation.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sarcomere.gif?width=200 "Structure of muscle fibre showing a sarcomere under [[electron microscope]] with schematic explanation.")
الصفة
عَضِل ; مَفْتُولُ السَّاعِدِ أو العَضَل
Definición
Wikipedia
Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA), also known as hyperelastosis cutis (HC), is an inherited autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder. It develops from a homozygous recessive mutation that weakens collagen fibers that allow the skin of the animal to stay connected to the rest of the animal. Affected horses have extremely fragile skin that tears easily and exhibits impaired healing. In horses with HC, the skin separates between the deep and superficial dermis. There is no cure. Most affected individuals receive an injury they cannot heal, and are euthanized. Managed breeding strategy is currently the only option for reducing the incidence of the disease.
The disease is found primarily in the American Quarter Horse, specifically in cutting horse lines. Affected horses have been found to trace to the stallion Poco Bueno, or possibly, farther back to one of his ancestors. Researchers have now named four deceased Quarter Horse stallions that were carriers and produced at least one affected HERDA foal; they are Dry Doc, Doc O'Lena, Great Pine, and Zippo Pine Bar. These stallions all trace to Poco Bueno through his son and daughter Poco Pine and Poco Lena. Other breeds affected are the American Paint Horse, and the Appaloosa and any other breed registry that allows outcrossing to AQHA horses.
HERDA is characterized by abnormal skin along the back that tears or rips easily and heals into disfiguring scars. The skin is loose, and hyper-elastic in affected horses. This collagen based abnormality affects their heart valves too and their mechanical properties are found to be inferior to native horses. Symptoms typically don’t appear until the horse is subjected to pressure or injury on their back, neck or hips, usually around two years of age. However foals can show signs when injured, while other horses mature and only show signs in the joints. The expression of HERDA is variable, and the phenotypic range of expression is still being determined.
After being tested, the results either show "normal", "carrier" or "affected" and can be determined by DNA testing of either a blood or hair sample.
- N/N — Normal: does not have the HERDA gene
- N/HRD- Carrier: carries one copy of the gene
- HRD/HRD- Affected: has two copies of the gene
The expected lifespan of an affected horse is 2–4 years. There is currently no cure for this disease. To prevent it from occurring, the only solution is not to breed horses who both carry the HERDA allele.
