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Qu'est-ce (qui) est ammonia - définition
![pipeline]] (roughly 2400 km long),<ref>minerals year book, vol. 3</ref> running from the [[TogliattiAzot]] plant in [[Russia]] to [[Odesa]] in [[Ukraine]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ammiakoprovod NS.jpg?width=200 "pipeline]] (roughly 2400 km long),<ref>minerals year book, vol. 3</ref> running from the [[TogliattiAzot]] plant in [[Russia]] to [[Odesa]] in [[Ukraine]]")
.jpg?width=200 "A standard laboratory solution of 28% ammonia.")
![Streetcar in New Orleans]] drawn by [[Alfred Waud]] in 1871](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg?width=200 "Streetcar in New Orleans]] drawn by [[Alfred Waud]] in 1871")
![This high-pressure reactor was built in 1921 by [[BASF]] in [[Ludwigshafen]] and was re-erected on the premises of the [[University of Karlsruhe]] in Germany.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ammoniak Reaktor BASF.jpg?width=200 "This high-pressure reactor was built in 1921 by [[BASF]] in [[Ludwigshafen]] and was re-erected on the premises of the [[University of Karlsruhe]] in Germany.")
![[Ag(NH3)2]+}}](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Diamminesilver(I)-3D-balls.png?width=200 "[Ag(NH3)2]+}}")
![ices]] of [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jupiter.jpg?width=200 "ices]] of [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]].")
}}](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tetraamminediaquacopper(II)-3D-balls.png?width=200 "[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](2+)}}")
Wikipédia
Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to 45% of the world's food and fertilizers. Around 70% of ammonia is used to make fertilisers in various forms and composition, such as urea and Diammonium phosphate. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil.
Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products. It is mainly collected by downward displacement of both air and water.
Although common in nature—both terrestrially and in the outer planets of the Solar System—and in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous in its concentrated form. In many countries it is classified as an extremely hazardous substance, and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities that produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.
The global industrial production of ammonia in 2018 was 175 million tonnes, with no significant change relative to the 2013 global industrial production of 175 million tonnes. In 2021 this was 235 million tonnes, with very little being made within the United States. Industrial ammonia is sold either as ammonia liquor (usually 28% ammonia in water) or as pressurized or refrigerated anhydrous liquid ammonia transported in tank cars or cylinders.
For fundamental reasons, the production of ammonia from the elements hydrogen and nitrogen is difficult, requiring high pressures and high temperatures. The Haber process that enabled industrial production was invented at the beginning of the 20th century, revolutionizing agriculture.
NH3 boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressure of one atmosphere, so the liquid must be stored under pressure or at low temperature. Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution of NH3 in water. The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the Baumé scale (density), with 26 degrees Baumé (about 30% of ammonia by weight at 15.5 °C or 59.9 °F) being the typical high-concentration commercial product.
