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Qu'est-ce (qui) est optimal representation - définition
CLASS OF MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS CONCERNED WITH CHOOSING AN OPTIMAL TIME TO TAKE A PARTICULAR ACTION
Optimal Stopping; Optimal Stopping problem
Political representation
POLITICAL ACTORS MAKING CITIZENS "PRESENT" IN PUBLIC POLICY MAKING PROCESSES
Descriptive representation; Substantive representation; One state, one vote; Representation by population; Substantive Representation; Rep by pop; Rep-by-pop; Models of representation; Representation by area; Politico model of representation; Representation (politics)
Political representation is the activity of making citizens "present" in public policy making processes when political actors act in the best interest of citizens. This definition of political representation is consistent with a wide variety of views on what representing implies and what the duties of representatives are.
Mental representation
HYPOTHETICAL INTERNAL COGNITIVE SYMBOL THAT REPRESENTS EXTERNAL REALITY
Representation (psychology); Representational theory of mind; Having an idea; Conceive an idea; Conceiving an idea; Good idea; Representation level; Level of representation; Directedness; Presentation (philosophy); Idea in anthropology
A mental representation (or cognitive representation), in philosophy of mind, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science, is a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality, or else a mental process that makes use of such a symbol: "a formal system for making explicit certain entities or types of information, together with a specification of how the system does this".
No taxation without representation
, by John Trumbull.jpg?width=200)
![[[Shimer College]] student holds "No tuition without representation" sign during protest over school governance in 2010.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/No tuition without representation Shimer College.jpg?width=200 "[[Shimer College]] student holds \"No tuition without representation\" sign during protest over school governance in 2010.")
![[[Bronze sculpture]] of James Otis, Jr stands in front of the [[Barnstable County Courthouse]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Statue of James Otis Jr in Barnstable.jpg?width=200 "[[Bronze sculpture]] of James Otis, Jr stands in front of the [[Barnstable County Courthouse]].")
SLOGAN
No Taxation Without Representation; Slogan: No taxation without representation; Taxation without representation; Taxation Without Representation; Taxation without Representation; No tax without voting power; No Taxation without Representation
"No taxation without representation" is a political slogan that originated in the American Revolution, and which expressed one of the primary grievances of the American colonists against Great Britain. In short, many colonists believed that as they were not represented in the distant British parliament, any taxes it imposed on the colonists (such as the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts) were unconstitutional, and were a denial of the colonists' rights as Englishmen.
Wikipédia
Optimal stopping
In mathematics, the theory of optimal stopping or early stopping is concerned with the problem of choosing a time to take a particular action, in order to maximise an expected reward or minimise an expected cost. Optimal stopping problems can be found in areas of statistics, economics, and mathematical finance (related to the pricing of American options). A key example of an optimal stopping problem is the secretary problem. Optimal stopping problems can often be written in the form of a Bellman equation, and are therefore often solved using dynamic programming.
