ENIAC - definizione. Che cos'è ENIAC
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Cosa (chi) è ENIAC - definizione

ELECTRONIC GENERAL-PURPOSE COMPUTER
Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer; Eniac; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer; Project PX; Electronic numerical integrator and computer; Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer; Electronic Numeral Integrator and Computer; ENIAC Computer; ENIAC Girls; User:Shmiro/sandbox; ENAIC
  • The bottoms of three accumulators at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, US
  • Detail of the back of a section of ENIAC, showing [[vacuum tube]]s
  • A function table from ENIAC on display at Aberdeen Proving Ground museum.
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  • BRL]] building 328. (U.S. Army photo, c. 1947–1955)

ENIAC         
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer         
<computer> (ENIAC) The first electronic digital computer and an ancestor of most computers in use today. ENIAC was developed by Dr. John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert during World War II at the Moore School of the {University of Pennsylvania}. In 1940 Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff attended a lecture by Mauchly and subsequently agreed to show him his binary calculator, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), which was partially built between 1937-1942. Mauchly used ideas from the ABC in the design of ENIAC, which was started in June 1943 and released publicly in 1946. ENIAC was not the first digital computer, Konrad Zuse's Z3 was released in 1941. Though, like the ABC, the Z3 was electromechanical rather than electronic, it was freely programmable via paper tape whereas ENIAC was only programmable by manual rewiring or switches. Z3 used binary representation like modern computers whereas ENIAC used decimal like mechanical calculators. ENIAC was underwritten and its development overseen by Lieutenant Herman Goldstine of the U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL). While the prime motivation for constructing the machine was to automate the wartime production of firing and bombing tables, the very first program run on ENIAC was a highly classified computation for Los Alamos. Later applications included weather prediction, cosmic ray studies, wind tunnel design, petroleum exploration, and optics. ENIAC had 20 registers made entirely from vacuum tubes. It had no other no memory as we currently understand it. The machine performed an addition in 200 microseconds, a multiplication in about three milliseconds, and a division in about 30 milliseconds. John von Neumann, a world-renowned mathematician serving on the BRL Scientific Advisory Committee, soon joined the developers of ENIAC and made some critical contributions. While Mauchly, Eckert and the Penn team continued on the technological problems, he, Goldstine, and others took up the logical problems. In 1947, while working on the design for the successor machine, EDVAC, von Neumann realized that ENIAC's lack of a central control unit could be overcome to obtain a rudimentary stored program computer (see the Clippinger reference below). Modifications were undertaken that eventually led to an instruction set of 92 "orders". Von Neumann also proposed the fetch-execute cycle. [R. F. Clippinger, "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC", Ballistic Research Laboratory Report No. 673, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, September 1948. http://ftp.arl.mil/Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computermike/comphist/48eniac-coding]. [H. H. Goldstine, "The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann", Princeton University Press, 1972]. [K. Kempf, "Electronic Computers within the Ordnance Corps", Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 1961. http://ftp.arl.mil/Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computermike/comphist/61ordnance]. [M. H. Weik, "The ENIAC Story", J. American Ordnance Assoc., 1961. eniac-story.html">http://ftp.arl.mil/Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computermike/comphist/eniac-story.html]. [How "general purpose" was ENIAC, compared to Zuse's Z3?] (2003-10-01)

Wikipedia

ENIAC

ENIAC (; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer, completed in 1945. There were other computers that had combinations of these features, but the ENIAC had all of them in one package. It was Turing-complete and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through reprogramming.

Although ENIAC was designed and primarily used to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory (which later became a part of the Army Research Laboratory), its first program was a study of the feasibility of the thermonuclear weapon.

ENIAC was completed in 1945 and first put to work for practical purposes on December 10, 1945.

ENIAC was formally dedicated at the University of Pennsylvania on February 15, 1946, having cost $487,000 (equivalent to $6,200,000 in 2021), and called a "Giant Brain" by the press. It had a speed on the order of one thousand times faster than that of electro-mechanical machines; this computational power, coupled with general-purpose programmability, excited scientists and industrialists alike. The combination of speed and programmability allowed for thousands more calculations for problems.

ENIAC was formally accepted by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in July 1946. It was transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1947, where it was in continuous operation until 1955.

Esempi dal corpus di testo per ENIAC
1. NO MICROCHIPS HERE: Unveiled in 1'46, ENIAC, the first computer built in the United States, weighed 30 tons.
2. Happy birthday, ENIAC Sixty years ago this week, the US Army unveiled the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, a computational behemoth that is widely regarded as the granddaddy of today‘s PCs and laptops.
3. For example: "Where a calculator on the ENIAC is equipped with 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighs 30 tons, computers in the future may have only 1,000 vacuum tubes and perhaps weigh 1–1/2 tons." – Popular Mechanics, 1'4'. "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers." – Thomas John Watson, IBM chairman, 1'43.