cosmic rays - definizione. Che cos'è cosmic rays
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Cosa (chi) è cosmic rays - definizione

HIGH-SPEED, I.E. HIGH-ENERGY PARTICLE, MAINLY ORIGINATING IN OUTER SPACE, OUTSIDE THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Galactic cosmic ray; Cosmic radiation; Cosmic-ray; Cosmic Ray; Anomalous cosmic ray; Cosmic Rays; Galactic cosmic rays; Auger shower; Cosmoclimatology; Galatic cosmic rays; Extensive shower; Cosmic-ray mesons; Cosmic-ray detector; Cosmic-rays; Cosmic rays; Galactic cosmic radiation; Cosmic particle; Origins of cosmic rays; Origin of cosmic rays; Primary cosmic rays; Primary cosmic ray; Secondary cosmic rays; Astroparticle
  • air shower]].
  • Cosmic [[flux]] versus particle energy at the top of Earth's atmosphere
  • Left image:Cosmic ray muon passing through a cloud chamber undergoes scattering by a small angle in the middle metal plate and leaves the chamber.Right image: Cosmic ray muon losing considerable energy after passing through the plate as indicated by the increased curvature of the track in a magnetic field.
  • Increase of ionization with altitude as measured by Hess in 1912 (left) and by Kolhörster (right)
  • Hess lands after his balloon flight in 1912.
  • Sources of ionizing radiation in interplanetary space.
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  • Shock front acceleration (theoretical model for supernovae and active galactic nuclei): Incident proton gets accelerated between two shock fronts up to energies of the high-energy component of cosmic rays.
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  • The [[VERITAS]] array of air Cherenkov telescopes.

cosmic rays         
Notionally, the cause of bit rot. However, this is a semi-independent usage that may be invoked as a humorous way to handwave away any minor randomness that doesn't seem worth the bother of investigating. "Hey, Eric - I just got a burst of garbage on my tube, where did that come from?" "Cosmic rays, I guess." Compare sunspots, {phase of the moon}. The British seem to prefer the usage "cosmic showers"; "alpha particles" is also heard, because stray alpha particles passing through a memory chip can cause single bit errors (this becomes increasingly more likely as memory sizes and densities increase). Factual note: Alpha particles cause bit rot, cosmic rays do not (except occasionally in spaceborne computers). Intel could not explain random bit drops in their early chips, and one hypothesis was cosmic rays. So they created the World's Largest Lead Safe, using 25 tons of the stuff, and used two identical boards for testing. One was placed in the safe, one outside. The hypothesis was that if cosmic rays were causing the bit drops, they should see a statistically significant difference between the error rates on the two boards. They did not observe such a difference. Further investigation demonstrated conclusively that the bit drops were due to alpha particle emissions from thorium (and to a much lesser degree uranium) in the encapsulation material. Since it is impossible to eliminate these radioactives (they are uniformly distributed through the earth's crust, with the statistically insignificant exception of uranium lodes) it became obvious that one has to design memories to withstand these hits. [Jargon File]
cosmic rays         
Cosmic rays are rays that reach earth from outer space and consist of atomic nuclei.
N-PLURAL
cosmic ray         
¦ noun a highly energetic atomic nucleus or other particle travelling through space at a speed approaching that of light.

Wikipedia

Cosmic ray

Cosmic rays are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei) that move through space at nearly the speed of light. They originate from the Sun, from outside of the Solar System in our own galaxy, and from distant galaxies. Upon impact with Earth's atmosphere, cosmic rays produce showers of secondary particles, some of which reach the surface, although the bulk is deflected off into space by the magnetosphere or the heliosphere.

Cosmic rays were discovered by Victor Hess in 1912 in balloon experiments, for which he was awarded the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Direct measurement of cosmic rays, especially at lower energies, has been possible since the launch of the first satellites in the late 1950s. Particle detectors similar to those used in nuclear and high-energy physics are used on satellites and space probes for research into cosmic rays. Data from the Fermi Space Telescope (2013) have been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernova explosions of stars. Based on observations of neutrinos and gamma rays from blazar TXS 0506+056 in 2018, active galactic nuclei also appear to produce cosmic rays.

Esempi dal corpus di testo per cosmic rays
1. Experiments have to run below ground to prevent cosmic rays from interfering with the results.
2. Critics like Wagner have said the collisions caused by accelerators could be more hazardous than those of cosmic rays.
3. Surrounding a moon base with a meter or so of water would help protect explorers from solar flares and cosmic rays.
4. The instrument, which would detect and measure cosmic rays in a new way, took 500 physicists from around the world 12 years to build.
5. In rebutting doomsday scenarios, CERN scientists point out that cosmic rays have been bombarding the earth, and triggering collisions similar to those planned for the collider, since the solar system formed 4.5 billion years ago.