(telephones, telephoning, telephoned)

An instrument for the transmission of articulate speech by the electric current. The current is defined as of the undulatory type. (See Current, Undulatory.) The cut shows what may be termed the fundamental telephone circuit. A line wire is shown terminating in ground plates and with a telephone in circuit at each end. The latter consists of a magnet N S with a coil of insulated wire H surrounding one end. Facing the pole of the magnet is a soft iron diaphragm D, held in a frame or mouthpiece T. Any change of current in the line affects the magnetism of the magnet, causing it to attract the diaphragm more or less. The magnet and diaphragm really constitute a little electric motor, the diaphragm vibrating back and forth through an exceedingly short range, for changes in the magnetic attraction. The principle of the reversibility of the dynamo applies here. If the magnet is subjected to no change in magnetism, and if the diaphragm is moved or vibrated in front of its poles, currents will be induced in the wire bobbin which surrounds its end. If two such magnets with bobbins and diaphragms are arranged as shown, vibrations imparted to one diaphragm will send currents through the line which, affecting the magnetism of the distant magnet, will cause its diaphragm to vibrate in exact accordance with the motions of the first or motor diaphragm. In the combination one telephone represents a dynamo, the other a motor. If the vibrations of the diaphragm are imparted by the voice, the voice with all its modulations will be reproduced by the telephone at the distant end of the line. Fig. 324. DIAGRAM OF BELL TELEPHONES AND LINE WITH EARTH CONNECTIONS. Fig. 325. SECTION OF BELL TELEPHONE. The above gives the essential features of the Bell telephone. In practice the telephone is used only as the receiver. As transmitter a microphone is employed. To give the current a battery, generally of the open circuit type, is used, and the current in the line is an induced or secondary one. The microphone which is talked to, and which is the seat of the current variations which reproduce original sound, is termed the transmitter, the telephone in which the sounds are produced at the distant end of the line is termed the receiver. Fig. 325 shows the construction of the Bell telephone in universal use in this country as the receiver. M is a bar magnet, in a case L L. B B is a bobbin or coil of insulated wire surrounding one end of the magnet. D is the diaphragm of soft iron plate (ferrotype metal), and E is the mouthpiece. The terminals of the coil B B connect with the binding screws C C. The wire in the coil is No. 36, A. W. G., and is wound to a resistance of about 80 ohms. As typical transmitter the Blake instrument may be cited. It is a carbon microphone. It is shown in section in the cut; a is the mouthpiece and e is a diaphragm of iron plate, although other substances could be used; f is a steel spring, with a platinum contact piece at its end. One end bears against the diaphragm, the other against a carbon block k. The latter is carried by a brass block p, and pressure is maintained between these contacts by the spring g and weight of the piece c, which by gravity tends to press all together. The current passes by way of the spring f, carbon button k and spring g through the circuit indicated. A battery is in circuit with these parts. If a telephone is also in circuit, and the transmitter is spoken against, the diaphragm vibrating affects the resistance of the carbon-platinum contact, without even breaking the contact, and the telephone reproduces the sound. The heavy
piece of metal C acts by its inertia to prevent breaking of the contact. The position of this piece c, which is carried by the brass plate m, is adjusted by the screw n. Fig. 326. SECTION OF BLAKE TRANSMITTER. In practice the transmitter and battery are usually on a local circuit, which includes the primary of an induction coil. The line and distant receiving telephone are in circuit with the secondary of the induction coil, without any battery.