NICOTINE - vertaling naar arabisch
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NICOTINE - vertaling naar arabisch

A MILD CHEMICAL STIMULANT NATURALLY FOUND IN SOME PLANTS
Nicotine addiction; Nicotene; Nicotine alkaloids; Nicotine sulfate; ATC code N07BA01; ATCvet code QN07BA01; ATCvet code QP53AX13; Black Leaf; Black Leaf 40; Campbell's Nico-Soap; Destruxol Orchid Spray; Emo-Nik; Flux Maag; Fumetobac; Mach-Nic; Niagara P.A. Dust; Nic-Sal; Nico-Dust; Nico-Fume; Nicocide; Nicoderm Cq; Nicorette Plus; Nicotin; Nicotrol Inhaler; Nicotrol Ns; Nikotin; Nikotyna; Ortho N-4 Dust; Ortho N-5 Dust; Tendust; Nicotine Addiction; Nick O'Teen; EC 200-193-3; Developmental effects of nicotine; Biosynthesis of nicotine
  • Cigarette ad]] featuring baseball player [[Joe Dimaggio]] in 1941
  • Effect of nicotine on chromaffin cells
  • Effect of nicotine on dopaminergic neurons.
  • Structure of protonated nicotine (left) and structure of the counterion benzoate (right). This combination is used in some vaping products to increase nicotine delivery to the lung.
  • Nicotine biosynthesis
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NICOTINE         

ألاسم

نِيكُوتِين

nicotine         
F
النيكوتين
nicotine         
‎ نِيكُوتِين‎

Definitie

Nicotine
·noun An alkaloid which is the active principle of tobacco. It is a colorless, transparent, oily liquid, having an acrid odor, and an acrid burning taste. It is intensely poisonous.

Wikipedia

Nicotine

Nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and Duboisia hopwoodii) and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. As a pharmaceutical drug, it is used for smoking cessation to relieve withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), except at two nicotinic receptor subunits (nAChRα9 and nAChRα10) where it acts as a receptor antagonist.

Nicotine constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco. Nicotine is also present at ppb-concentrations in edible plants in the family Solanaceae, including potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants, though sources disagree on whether this has any biological significance to human consumers. It functions as an antiherbivore toxin; consequently, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past, and neonicotinoids (structurally similar to nicotine), such as imidacloprid, are some of the most effective and widely used insecticides.

Nicotine is highly addictive. Slow-release forms (gums and patches, when used correctly) are less addictive and aid in quitting. Animal research suggests that monoamine oxidase inhibitors present in tobacco smoke may enhance nicotine's addictive properties. An average cigarette yields about 2 mg of absorbed nicotine. The estimated lower dose limit for fatal outcomes is 500–1,000 mg of ingested nicotine for an adult (6.5–13 mg/kg). Nicotine addiction involves drug-reinforced behavior, compulsive use, and relapse following abstinence. Nicotine dependence involves tolerance, sensitization, physical dependence, psychological dependence, and can cause distress. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include depressed mood, stress, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and sleep disturbances. Mild nicotine withdrawal symptoms are measurable in unrestricted smokers, who experience normal moods only as their blood nicotine levels peak, with each cigarette. On quitting, withdrawal symptoms worsen sharply, then gradually improve to a normal state.

Nicotine use as a tool for quitting smoking has a good safety history. Animal studies suggest that nicotine may adversely affect cognitive development in adolescence, but the relevance of these findings to human brain development is disputed. At low amounts, it has a mild analgesic effect. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, "nicotine is not generally considered to be a carcinogen." The Surgeon General of the United States indicates that evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between exposure to nicotine and risk for cancer. Nicotine has been shown to produce birth defects in humans and is considered a teratogen. The median lethal dose of nicotine in humans is unknown. High doses are known to cause nicotine poisoning, organ failure, and death through paralysis of respiratory muscles, though serious or fatal overdoses are rare.

Voorbeelden uit tekstcorpus voor NICOTINE
1. Nicotine isn‘t especially dangerous –– about like caffeine.
2. Nicotine replacement therapy could work long–term.
3. It delivers the nicotine hit in roughly a minute – around nine times slower than a cigarette, but much faster than nicotine patches used in giving up smoking.
4. Lead researcher Dr Lani Burkman said: "Like other cells in the body, human sperm carry a receptor for nicotine, which means they recognise and respond to nicotine.
5. "We know that physiologically the changes in the nicotine receptors in the brain are related to the amount of nicotine consumed," he said.