nucleolus-associated chromatin - vertaling naar arabisch
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nucleolus-associated chromatin - vertaling naar arabisch

THE ORDERED AND ORGANIZED COMPLEX OF DNA, PROTEIN, AND SOMETIMES RNA, THAT FORMS THE CHROMOSOME
Chromatin structure; Chromatine; Sex chromatin; Chromatin organisation; Karyotin; Chromatin network; Karyomitome; Nanometer fiber
  • Two proposed structures of the 30 nm chromatin filament. <br />Left: 1 start helix "solenoid" structure. <br />Right: 2 start loose helix structure. <br />Note: the histones are omitted in this diagram - only the DNA is shown.
  • The structures of A-, B-, and Z-DNA.
  • Basic units of chromatin structure
  • Four proposed structures of the 30&nbsp;nm chromatin filament for DNA repeat length per nucleosomes ranging from 177 to 207 bp.
<br />
Linker DNA in yellow and nucleosomal DNA in pink.
  • The major structures in DNA compaction: [[DNA]], the [[nucleosome]], the 10 nm [[beads on a string]] chromatin fibre and the [[metaphase]] [[chromosome]].
  • the structure of chromatin within a chromosome
  • Condensation and resolution of human sister chromatids in early mitosis
  • Microscopy of heterochromatic versus euchromatic nuclei (H&E stain).
  • Karyotype}}
  • [[Karyogram]] of human male using [[Giemsa staining]], showing the classic [[metaphase]] chromatin structure.
  • 1KX5}}.
  • s2cid=232277473 }}</ref>

nucleolus-associated chromatin      
الكروماتينُ المُرافِقُ للنُّوَيَّة
karyotin         
كاريوتين
karyomitome         
الشُّبَيْكَةُ النَّوَوِيَّة

Definitie

Chromatin
·noun Tissue which is capable of being stained by dyes.
II. Chromatin ·add. ·noun The deeply staining substance of the nucleus and chromosomes of cells, now supposed to be the physical basis of inheritance, and generally regarded as the same substance as the hypothetical idioplasm or germ plasm.

Wikipedia

Chromatin

Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. The primary function is to package long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures. This prevents the strands from becoming tangled and also plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed chromatin.

The primary protein components of chromatin are histones. An octamer of two sets of four histone cores (Histone H2A, Histone H2B, Histone H3, and Histone H4) bind to DNA and function as "anchors" around which the strands are wound. In general, there are three levels of chromatin organization:

  1. DNA wraps around histone proteins, forming nucleosomes and the so-called beads on a string structure (euchromatin).
  2. Multiple histones wrap into a 30-nanometer fiber consisting of nucleosome arrays in their most compact form (heterochromatin).
  3. Higher-level DNA supercoiling of the 30 nm fiber produces the metaphase chromosome (during mitosis and meiosis).

Many organisms, however, do not follow this organization scheme. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes at all. Prokaryotic cells have entirely different structures for organizing their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called a genophore and is localized within the nucleoid region).

The overall structure of the chromatin network further depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the specific genes present in the DNA. Regions of DNA containing genes which are actively transcribed ("turned on") are less tightly compacted and closely associated with RNA polymerases in a structure known as euchromatin, while regions containing inactive genes ("turned off") are generally more condensed and associated with structural proteins in heterochromatin. Epigenetic modification of the structural proteins in chromatin via methylation and acetylation also alters local chromatin structure and therefore gene expression. There is limited understanding of chromatin structure and it is active area of research in molecular biology.