The elegiac couplet is a poetic form used by Greek lyric poets for a variety of themes usually of smaller scale than the epic. Roman poets, particularly Catullus, Propertius, Tibullus, and Ovid, adopted the same form in Latin many years later. As with the English heroic couplet, each pair of lines usually makes sense on its own, while forming part of a larger work.

Each couplet consists of a dactylic hexameter verse followed by a dactylic pentameter verse. The following is a graphic representation of its scansion:

– uu | – uu | – uu | – uu | – uu | – x
– uu | – uu | –   || – uu | – uu | –

– is one long syllable, u one short syllable, uu is one long or two short syllables, and x is one long or one short syllable (anceps).

The form was felt by the ancients to contrast the rising action of the first verse with a falling quality in the second. The sentiment is summarized in a line from Ovid's Amores I.1.27 Sex mihi surgat opus numeris, in quinque residat—"Let my work rise in six steps, fall back in five." The effect is illustrated by Samuel Taylor Coleridge as:

In the hexameter rises the fountain's silvery column,

In the pentameter aye falling in melody back.

translating Friedrich Schiller,

Im Hexameter steigt des Springquells silberne Säule,

Im Pentameter drauf fällt sie melodisch herab.