Enigma - определение. Что такое Enigma
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Что (кто) такое Enigma - определение

GERMAN CIPHER MACHINE
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  • Enigma in use on the Russian front
  • [[Heinz Guderian]] in the [[Battle of France]], with an Enigma machine. Note one soldier is keying in text while another writes down the results.
  • Enigma in use, 1943
  • A three-rotor Enigma machine on display at [[Computer Museum of America]] and its two additional rotors.
  • Enciphering and deciphering using an Enigma machine
  • A rare 8-rotor printing Enigma model H (1929).
  • Typical glowlamps (with flat tops), as used for Enigma.
  • The scrambling action of Enigma's rotors is shown for two consecutive letters with the right-hand rotor moving one position between them.
  • The plugboard (''Steckerbrett'') was positioned at the front of the machine, below the keys. When in use during World War II, there were ten connections. In this photograph, just two pairs of letters have been swapped (A↔J and S↔O).
  • The ''Schreibmax'' was a printing unit which could be attached to the Enigma, removing the need for laboriously writing down the letters indicated on the light panel.
  • Figure 2. With the inner lid down, the Enigma was ready for use. The finger wheels of the rotors protruded through the lid, allowing the operator to set the rotors, and their current position, here ''RDKP'', was visible to the operator through a set of windows.
  • The Enigma Uhr attachment
  • Military Enigma machine, model "Enigma I", used during the late 1930s and during the war; displayed at [[Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Milan]], Italy
  • Union City, Tennessee, U.S.]]
  • Internal mechanism of an Enigma machine showing the type B reflector and rotor stack.
  • Monthly key list number 649 for the German Air Force Enigma, including settings for the reconfigurable reflector (which only change once every eight days).
  • The Enigma stepping motion seen from the side away from the operator. All three ratchet pawls (green) push in unison as a key is depressed. For the first rotor (1), which to the operator is the right-hand rotor, the ratchet (red) is always engaged, and steps with each keypress. Here, the middle rotor (2) is engaged, because the notch in the first rotor is aligned with the pawl; it will step (''turn over'') with the first rotor. The third rotor (3) is not engaged, because the notch in the second rotor is not aligned to the pawl, so it will not engage with the rachet.
  • Two Enigma rotors showing electrical contacts, stepping ratchet (on the left) and notch (on the right-hand rotor opposite '''D''').
  • Enigma rotor assembly. In the Wehrmacht Enigma, the three installed movable rotors are sandwiched between two fixed wheels: the entry wheel, on the right, and the reflector on the left.
  • Enigma wiring diagram with arrows and the numbers 1 to 9 showing how current flows from key depression to a lamp being lit. The ''A'' key is encoded to the ''D'' lamp. D yields A, but A never yields A; this property was due to a patented feature unique to the Enigmas, and could be exploited by cryptanalysts in some situations.
  • A selection of seven Enigma machines and paraphernalia exhibited at the U.S. [[National Cryptologic Museum]]. From left to right, the models are: 1) Commercial Enigma; 2) Enigma T; 3) Enigma G; 4) Unidentified; 5) ''Luftwaffe'' (Air Force) Enigma; 6) ''Heer'' (Army) Enigma; 7) ''Kriegsmarine'' (Naval) Enigma — M4.
  • German Kenngruppenheft (a U-boat [[codebook]] with grouped key codes).
  • A four-rotor ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' (German Navy, 1. February 1942 to 1945) Enigma machine on display at the U.S. National Cryptologic Museum
  • A four-rotor ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' Enigma machine on display at the [[Museum of the Second World War]], [[Gdańsk]], Poland
  • 1657411}}, granted in 1928.

enigma         
WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE
Enigma (disambiguation); Enigma (movie); Enigma album; Enigma (game); Enigma (person); Enigma (comics); Enigma (comic); Enigma (film); Enigma (album); The Enigma; Aenigma (disambiguation); Enigma (video game); Enigma (musical project); Enigma (TV series); Enigma (song)
n.
Riddle, puzzle, dark saying, obscure question.
enigma         
WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE
Enigma (disambiguation); Enigma (movie); Enigma album; Enigma (game); Enigma (person); Enigma (comics); Enigma (comic); Enigma (film); Enigma (album); The Enigma; Aenigma (disambiguation); Enigma (video game); Enigma (musical project); Enigma (TV series); Enigma (song)
(enigmas)
If you describe something or someone as an enigma, you mean they are mysterious or difficult to understand.
Iran remains an enigma for the outside world.
= mystery
N-COUNT: usu sing
enigma         
WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE
Enigma (disambiguation); Enigma (movie); Enigma album; Enigma (game); Enigma (person); Enigma (comics); Enigma (comic); Enigma (film); Enigma (album); The Enigma; Aenigma (disambiguation); Enigma (video game); Enigma (musical project); Enigma (TV series); Enigma (song)
[?'n?gm?]
¦ noun a mysterious or puzzling person or thing.
Origin
C16: via L. from Gk ainigma 'riddle'.

Википедия

Enigma machine

The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military. The Enigma machine was considered so secure that it was used to encipher the most top-secret messages.

The Enigma has an electromechanical rotor mechanism that scrambles the 26 letters of the alphabet. In typical use, one person enters text on the Enigma's keyboard and another person writes down which of the 26 lights above the keyboard illuminated at each key press. If plain text is entered, the illuminated letters are the ciphertext. Entering ciphertext transforms it back into readable plaintext. The rotor mechanism changes the electrical connections between the keys and the lights with each keypress.

The security of the system depends on machine settings that were generally changed daily, based on secret key lists distributed in advance, and on other settings that were changed for each message. The receiving station would have to know and use the exact settings employed by the transmitting station to successfully decrypt a message.

While Nazi Germany introduced a series of improvements to the Enigma over the years, and these hampered decryption efforts, they did not prevent Poland from cracking the machine as early as December 1932 and reading messages prior to and into the war. Poland's sharing of her achievements enabled the western Allies to exploit Enigma-enciphered messages as a major source of intelligence. Many commentators say the flow of Ultra communications intelligence from the decrypting of Enigma, Lorenz, and other ciphers shortened the war substantially and may even have altered its outcome.

Примеры употребления для Enigma
1. It is made up, Barthes tells us, of all the aspects of a text that "constitute an enigma and lead to its solution". Tintin‘s adventures are framed by enigmas: from the social enigma of the Soviet Union to the scientific enigma of the shooting star to the supernatural enigma of the Sun God‘s curse.
2. It was at Bletchley Park the Enigma cipher was broken.
3. The enigma of Jerusalem has thus remained unsolved.
4. Sonam, unlike Deepika, is the mystery wrapped in the enigma.
5. "The distance, the enigma of Dylan and the performer.