certain - определение. Что такое certain
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Что (кто) такое certain - определение

BELIEF WITHOUT DOUBT IN PROPOSITIONS THAT ARE IN FACT TRUE
Certain; Certitude; Absolutely certain knowledge; Absolute Certainty; Perfect knowledge; Certainly; Certain knowledge; Positive knowledge; Unequivocally; Epistemic certainty; Objective certainty

certain         
I. BEING SURE
Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English.
1.
If you are certain about something, you firmly believe it is true and have no doubt about it. If you are not certain about something, you do not have definite knowledge about it.
She's absolutely certain she's going to make it in the world...
We are not certain whether the appendix had already burst or not...
It wasn't a balloon-I'm certain of that.
= sure
ADJ: v-link ADJ, oft ADJ that/wh, ADJ of/about n
2.
If you say that something is certain to happen, you mean that it will definitely happen.
However, the scheme is certain to meet opposition from fishermen's leaders...
Brazil need to beat Uruguay to be certain of a place in the finals...
The Prime Minister is heading for certain defeat if he forces a vote...
Victory looked certain.
ADJ: oft ADJ to-inf, it v-link ADJ that/wh, ADJ of n/-ing
3.
If you say that something is certain, you firmly believe that it is true, or have definite knowledge about it.
One thing is certain, both have the utmost respect for each other...
It is certain that Rodney arrived the previous day..
ADJ: v-link ADJ, oft it v-link ADJ that/wh
4.
If you know something for certain, you have no doubt at all about it.
Hill had to find out for certain.
PHRASE: PHR with cl (not first in cl)
5.
If you make certain that something is the way you want or expect it to be, you take action to ensure that it is.
Firstly, they must make certain that their pension needs are adequately catered for...
= make sure
PHRASE: V inflects
II. REFERRING AND INDICATING AMOUNT
Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English.
1.
You use certain to indicate that you are referring to one particular thing, person, or group, although you are not saying exactly which it is.
There will be certain people who'll say 'I told you so!'...
Leaflets have been air dropped telling people to leave certain areas.
ADJ: det ADJ, ADJ n
2.
When you refer to certain of a group of people or things, you are referring to some particular members of that group. (FORMAL)
They'll have to give up completely on certain of their studies.
= some
QUANT: QUANT of def-pl-n
3.
You can use a certain before the name of a person in order to indicate that you do not know the person or anything else about them.
She managed to arrange for them to be hidden in the house of a certain Father Boduen.
ADJ: a ADJ n-proper
4.
You use a certain to indicate that something such as a quality or condition exists, and often to suggest that it is not great in amount or degree.
That was the very reason why he felt a certain bitterness...
ADJ: a ADJ sing-n/n-uncount
certain         
['s?:t(?)n, -t?n]
¦ adjective
1. able to be firmly relied on to happen or be the case.
2. completely convinced of something.
3. specific but not explicitly named or stated: certain problems.
not known to the reader or hearer: a certain Mr Percy.
¦ pronoun (certain of) some but not all.
Phrases
for certain without any doubt.
make certain take action to ensure that something happens.
?establish whether something is definitely correct.
Origin
ME: from OFr., based on L. certus 'settled, sure'.
certain         
adj.
1) absolutely, completely, totally; almost, nearly; quite; very certain
2) far from certain
3) for certain
4) certain about, of (we were certain of his support)
5) certain to + inf. (she is certain to agree)
6) certain that + clause (it is certain that they will sign the contract; make certain that all doors are locked; are you certain that you turned the gas off?)

Википедия

Certainty

Certainty (also known as epistemic certainty or objective certainty) is the epistemic property of beliefs which a person has no rational grounds for doubting. One standard way of defining epistemic certainty is that a belief is certain if and only if the person holding that belief could not be mistaken in holding that belief. Other common definitions of certainty involve the indubitable nature of such beliefs or define certainty as a property of those beliefs with the greatest possible justification. Certainty is closely related to knowledge, although contemporary philosophers tend to treat knowledge as having lower requirements than certainty.

Importantly, epistemic certainty is not the same thing as psychological certainty (also known as subjective certainty or certitude), which describes the highest degree to which a person could be convinced that something is true. While a person may be completely convinced that a particular belief is true, and might even be psychologically incapable of entertaining its falsity, this does not entail that the belief is itself beyond rational doubt or incapable of being false. While the word "certainty" is sometimes used to refer to a person's subjective certainty about the truth of a belief, philosophers are primarily interested in the question of whether any beliefs ever attain objective certainty.

The philosophical question of whether one can ever be truly certain about anything has been widely debated for centuries. Many proponents of philosophical skepticism deny that certainty is possible, or claim that it is only possible in a priori domains such as logic or mathematics. Historically, many philosophers have held that knowledge requires epistemic certainty, and therefore that one must have infallible justification in order to count as knowing the truth of a proposition. However, many philosophers such as René Descartes were troubled by the resulting skeptical implications, since all of our experiences at least seem to be compatible with various skeptical scenarios. It is generally accepted today that most of our beliefs are compatible with their falsity and are therefore fallible, although the status of being certain is still often ascribed to a limited range of beliefs (such as "I exist"). The apparent fallibility of our beliefs has led many contemporary philosophers to deny that knowledge requires certainty.

Примеры употребления для certain
1. England appeal, they are certain, absolutely certain.
2. Avoid certain public places, don‘t take certain bus routes.
3. They are built on certainty –– witnesses who were certain, technicians who were certain, cops who were certain, prosecutors who were certain and jurors who were certain beyond a reasonable doubt.
4. Examples are a car with certain chassis number or a double story house built on a certain plot of land with certain specifications, or a certain food packing plant with manufacturer‘s serial number etc.
5. To play its hunch, China Aviation‘s traders bought put options, a right to sell at a certain price by a certain date, on oil and sold call options, the right to buy at a certain price by a certain date.