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Что (кто) такое labor laws - определение
![Strikers gathering in [[Tyldesley, Greater Manchester]] in the [[1926 United Kingdom general strike]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tyldesley miners outside the Miners Hall during the 1926 General Strike.jpg?width=200 "Strikers gathering in [[Tyldesley, Greater Manchester]] in the [[1926 United Kingdom general strike]]")
![As one of the only [[international organizations]] with real enforcement power through trade sanctions, the [[WTO]] has been the target for calls by labour lawyers to incorporate global standards of the [[International Labour Organization]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wto logo.svg?width=200 "As one of the only [[international organizations]] with real enforcement power through trade sanctions, the [[WTO]] has been the target for calls by labour lawyers to incorporate global standards of the [[International Labour Organization]].")
![A child labor standards poster from the 1940s.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/"Child Labor Standards" - NARA - 514051.jpg?width=200 "A child labor standards poster from the 1940s.")
![Arizona teachers in 2019]], are guaranteed the right to take collective action, including strikes, by [[international law]], federal law and most state laws.<ref>B Gernigo, A Odero and H Guido, 'ILO Principles Concerning the Right to Strike' (1998) [http://www.rhap.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/ILO-Manual-on-Right-to-Strike.pdf 137 International Labour Review 441]. In US federal law, see the [[National Labor Relations Act of 1935]], 29 USC §163.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/-RedForEd (41008219574).jpg?width=200 "Arizona teachers in 2019]], are guaranteed the right to take collective action, including strikes, by [[international law]], federal law and most state laws.<ref>B Gernigo, A Odero and H Guido, 'ILO Principles Concerning the Right to Strike' (1998) [http://www.rhap.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/ILO-Manual-on-Right-to-Strike.pdf 137 International Labour Review 441]. In US federal law, see the [[National Labor Relations Act of 1935]], 29 USC §163.</ref>")
![[[Eugene V. Debs]], founder of the [[American Railway Union]] and five-time presidential candidate, was jailed twice for organizing the [[Pullman Strike]] and denouncing [[World War I]]. His life story is told in a documentary by Bernie Sanders.<ref>[[Bernie Sanders]] and [[Jane Sanders]], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oY2mQxm4SNQ Eugene V. Debs Documentary] (1979)</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/1904socialist.jpg?width=200 "[[Eugene V. Debs]], founder of the [[American Railway Union]] and five-time presidential candidate, was jailed twice for organizing the [[Pullman Strike]] and denouncing [[World War I]]. His life story is told in a documentary by Bernie Sanders.<ref>[[Bernie Sanders]] and [[Jane Sanders]], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oY2mQxm4SNQ Eugene V. Debs Documentary] (1979)</ref>")
![Congress]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bernie Sanders & Hillary Clinton (28205920271).jpg?width=200 "Congress]].")
![other people's money]]".<ref>See Bernie Sanders, "[https://berniesanders.com/issues/corporate-accountability-and-democracy/ Corporate Accountability and Democracy: Shareholder Democracy]". [[JR Commons]], ''Industrial Government'' (1921) [https://archive.org/stream/industrialgovern00comm#page/n13/mode/2up ch 6], LD Brandeis, ''[[Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It]]'' (1914).</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren.jpg?width=200 "other people's money]]\".<ref>See Bernie Sanders, \"[https://berniesanders.com/issues/corporate-accountability-and-democracy/ Corporate Accountability and Democracy: Shareholder Democracy]\". [[JR Commons]], ''Industrial Government'' (1921) [https://archive.org/stream/industrialgovern00comm#page/n13/mode/2up ch 6], LD Brandeis, ''[[Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It]]'' (1914).</ref>")
![The [[Workplace Democracy Act of 1999]],<ref name="auto1">See [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/106/hr1277/text HR 1277], Title III, §301</ref> proposed by [[Bernie Sanders]] but not yet passed, would give every employee the representatives on boards of their pension plans, to control how vote are cast on [[corporate stocks]]. Currently [[investment managers]] control most voting rights in the economy using "other people's money".<ref>See earlier, [[LD Brandeis]], ''[[Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It]]'' ([http://louisville.edu/law/library/special-collections/the-louis-d.-brandeis-collection/other-peoples-money-by-louis-d.-brandeis 1914]) and JS Taub, 'Able but Not Willing: The Failure of Mutual Fund Advisers to Advocate for Shareholders' Rights' (2009) 34(3) The Journal of Corporation Law 843, 876</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bernie Sanders in East Los Angeles (27211671695).jpg?width=200 "The [[Workplace Democracy Act of 1999]],<ref name=\"auto1\">See [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/106/hr1277/text HR 1277], Title III, §301</ref> proposed by [[Bernie Sanders]] but not yet passed, would give every employee the representatives on boards of their pension plans, to control how vote are cast on [[corporate stocks]]. Currently [[investment managers]] control most voting rights in the economy using \"other people's money\".<ref>See earlier, [[LD Brandeis]], ''[[Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It]]'' ([http://louisville.edu/law/library/special-collections/the-louis-d.-brandeis-collection/other-peoples-money-by-louis-d.-brandeis 1914]) and JS Taub, 'Able but Not Willing: The Failure of Mutual Fund Advisers to Advocate for Shareholders' Rights' (2009) 34(3) The Journal of Corporation Law 843, 876</ref>")
![Yes we can]]" and "[[Sí, se puede]]".<ref>See '[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLqDu5yZj0M Cesar Chavez Explains Boycotts]' and '[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlLs_fVBWzM Cesar Chavez speaking at UCLA 10/11/1972]'.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cesar Chavez Day.jpg?width=200 "Yes we can]]\" and \"[[Sí, se puede]]\".<ref>See '[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLqDu5yZj0M Cesar Chavez Explains Boycotts]' and '[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlLs_fVBWzM Cesar Chavez speaking at UCLA 10/11/1972]'.</ref>")
![Volkswagen]] plant at [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] has debated introducing [[work councils]] to give employees and its labor union more of a voice at work.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chattanooga Phoenix Solar AG.jpg?width=200 "Volkswagen]] plant at [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] has debated introducing [[work councils]] to give employees and its labor union more of a voice at work.")
![New York]]</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Childcare Development Center-Crestwood High School cheerleaders 120815-F-PG936-400.jpg?width=200 "New York]]</ref>")
![The [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948]] article 23 requires "reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay", but there is no federal or state right to [[paid annual leave]]: Americans have the least in the developed world.<ref>See R Ray, M Sanes and J Schmitt, 'No Vacation Nation Revisited' (Washington DC 2013) [http://cepr.net/documents/publications/no-vacation-update-2013-05.pdf Center for Economic and Policy Research] 1, "the average worker in the private sector in the United States receives only about ten days of paid vacation and about six paid holidays per year".</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Clock 200 Fifth Av jeh.JPG?width=200 "The [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948]] article 23 requires \"reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay\", but there is no federal or state right to [[paid annual leave]]: Americans have the least in the developed world.<ref>See R Ray, M Sanes and J Schmitt, 'No Vacation Nation Revisited' (Washington DC 2013) [http://cepr.net/documents/publications/no-vacation-update-2013-05.pdf Center for Economic and Policy Research] 1, \"the average worker in the private sector in the United States receives only about ten days of paid vacation and about six paid holidays per year\".</ref>")
![American workers do not yet have a right to vote on employer layoff decisions, even though the US government helped draft laws for other countries to have elected work councils.<ref>See the [[Control Council Law No 22]] ([https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Control_Council_Law_No_22_(10_April_1946)_Works_Councils#Articles_IV 10 April 1946]) art V, in post-war Germany, now re-enacted in the [[Work Constitution Act 1972]] or Betriebsverfassungsgesetz 1972 (worker participation in layoffs).</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/De Blasio Protests the Layoffs of 500 LICH Nurses and Health Care Workers (10542698924).jpg?width=200 "American workers do not yet have a right to vote on employer layoff decisions, even though the US government helped draft laws for other countries to have elected work councils.<ref>See the [[Control Council Law No 22]] ([https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Control_Council_Law_No_22_(10_April_1946)_Works_Councils#Articles_IV 10 April 1946]) art V, in post-war Germany, now re-enacted in the [[Work Constitution Act 1972]] or Betriebsverfassungsgesetz 1972 (worker participation in layoffs).</ref>")
![The Apprentice]]'' before he became president. This reflects the "[[at will employment]]" doctrine that deprives employees of job security, and lets people become unemployed for arbitrary reasons.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Donald-trump-secim-840x420.jpg?width=200 "The Apprentice]]'' before he became president. This reflects the \"[[at will employment]]\" doctrine that deprives employees of job security, and lets people become unemployed for arbitrary reasons.")
![Employment contracts are subject to minimum rights in state and federal statute, and those created by [[collective agreements]].<ref>''[[JI Case Co v National Labor Relations Board]]'' [http://www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USSC/1944/39.html 321 US 322] (1944)</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ecrivains consult - Texte 4 mains.jpg?width=200 "Employment contracts are subject to minimum rights in state and federal statute, and those created by [[collective agreements]].<ref>''[[JI Case Co v National Labor Relations Board]]'' [http://www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USSC/1944/39.html 321 US 322] (1944)</ref>")
![[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] believed the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] of 1948 "may well become the international Magna Carta of all". Based on the President's call for a [[Second Bill of Rights]] in 1944, articles 22–24 elevated rights to "social security", "just and favourable conditions of work", and the "right to rest and leisure" to be as important as the "right to own property".<ref>[[UDHR 1948]] [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights art 17]</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg?width=200 "[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] believed the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] of 1948 \"may well become the international Magna Carta of all\". Based on the President's call for a [[Second Bill of Rights]] in 1944, articles 22–24 elevated rights to \"social security\", \"just and favourable conditions of work\", and the \"right to rest and leisure\" to be as important as the \"right to own property\".<ref>[[UDHR 1948]] [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights art 17]</ref>")
![Great Depression]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/FDR Fireside Chat December 24, 1943.jpg?width=200 "Great Depression]].")
![tipped]]" jobs, some states still enable employers to take their workers' tips for between $2.13 and the $7.25 minimum wage per hour.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fight for $15 on 4-15 (17160512642).jpg?width=200 "tipped]]\" jobs, some states still enable employers to take their workers' tips for between $2.13 and the $7.25 minimum wage per hour.")
![The world's first general equality law, the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], followed the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]] in 1963. The head of the movement, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] told America, "[[I have a dream]] that one day ... little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers."](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Martin Luther King Jr. addresses a crowd from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, USMC-09611.jpg?width=200 "The world's first general equality law, the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], followed the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]] in 1963. The head of the movement, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] told America, \"[[I have a dream]] that one day ... little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.\"")
![Senate]] refused to make appointments.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NLRB picketing 2007.jpg?width=200 "Senate]] refused to make appointments.")
![corporations]], and states have experimented with direct participation rights, to get a "[[fair day's wage for a fair day's work]]".<ref>See [[E Appelbaum]] and LW Hunter, 'Union Participation in Strategic Decisions of Corporations' in [[RB Freeman]] (ed), ''Emerging labor market institutions for the twenty-first century'' (2005) and LW Hunter, 'Can Strategic Participation be Institutionalized? Union Representation on American Corporate Boards' (1998) 51(4) Industrial and Labor Relations Review 557</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Oblique facade 3, US Supreme Court.jpg?width=200 "corporations]], and states have experimented with direct participation rights, to get a \"[[fair day's wage for a fair day's work]]\".<ref>See [[E Appelbaum]] and LW Hunter, 'Union Participation in Strategic Decisions of Corporations' in [[RB Freeman]] (ed), ''Emerging labor market institutions for the twenty-first century'' (2005) and LW Hunter, 'Can Strategic Participation be Institutionalized? Union Representation on American Corporate Boards' (1998) 51(4) Industrial and Labor Relations Review 557</ref>")
![[[Richard Trumka]] was the late president of the [[AFL–CIO]], a federation of unions, with 12.5m members. The [[Change to Win Federation]] has 5.5m members in affiliated unions. The two have negotiated merging to create a united American labor movement.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Richard Trumka 2008.jpg?width=200 "[[Richard Trumka]] was the late president of the [[AFL–CIO]], a federation of unions, with 12.5m members. The [[Change to Win Federation]] has 5.5m members in affiliated unions. The two have negotiated merging to create a united American labor movement.")
![[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], suffering from [[polio]], required a [[wheelchair]] through his [[Presidency]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rooseveltinwheelchair.jpg?width=200 "[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], suffering from [[polio]], required a [[wheelchair]] through his [[Presidency]].")
![Republicans]] in the [[United States Congress]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Secretary Clinton Smiles With South African Minister Maite Nkoana-Mashabane.jpg?width=200 "Republicans]] in the [[United States Congress]].")
![[[Sharan Burrow]] leads the [[International Trade Union Confederation]], which represents labor union members worldwide, via each national group including the [[AFL–CIO]].<ref>See the [[ITUC]], ''[http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/Const-ENG-W.pdf Constitution]'' (2006)</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sharan Burrow World Economic Forum 2013.jpg?width=200 "[[Sharan Burrow]] leads the [[International Trade Union Confederation]], which represents labor union members worldwide, via each national group including the [[AFL–CIO]].<ref>See the [[ITUC]], ''[http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/Const-ENG-W.pdf Constitution]'' (2006)</ref>")
![conflicts]].<ref>[http://www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USCA2/1982/447.html 680 F2d 263] (1982)</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The Morgan Stanley Building (WTM by official-ly cool 112).jpg?width=200 "conflicts]].<ref>[http://www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USCA2/1982/447.html 680 F2d 263] (1982)</ref>")
![FRED]]) via the [https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average (CPIAUCSL)]. Run cursor over graph to see nominal and real minimum wage by month.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Timeline of federal minimum hourly wage for the United States (including inflation-adjusted). Congressional Research Service.gif?width=200 "FRED]]) via the [https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average (CPIAUCSL)]. Run cursor over graph to see nominal and real minimum wage by month.</ref>")
![13th Amendment]] in 1865 near the end of the [[American Civil War]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/US Slave Free 1789-1861.gif?width=200 "13th Amendment]] in 1865 near the end of the [[American Civil War]].")
![work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/UberTaxiProtestChicago.jpg?width=200 "work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>")
![A constitutional right to equality, based on the [[equal protection clause]]s of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments has been disputed. 125 years after [[Harlan J]] wrote his famous dissent that all social institutions should be bound to equal rights,<ref>See the ''[[Civil Rights Cases]]'' [http://www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USSC/1883/182.html 109 US 3] (1883) where the majority struck down the [[Civil Rights Act of 1875]]</ref> [[Barack Obama]] won election for President.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/United States President Barack Obama bends down to allow the son of a White House staff member to touch his head.jpg?width=200 "A constitutional right to equality, based on the [[equal protection clause]]s of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments has been disputed. 125 years after [[Harlan J]] wrote his famous dissent that all social institutions should be bound to equal rights,<ref>See the ''[[Civil Rights Cases]]'' [http://www.worldlii.org/us/cases/federal/USSC/1883/182.html 109 US 3] (1883) where the majority struck down the [[Civil Rights Act of 1875]]</ref> [[Barack Obama]] won election for President.")
![incarceration]] raised real unemployment by around 1.5% since 1980.<ref>E McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018) [https://osf.io/preprints/lawarxiv/udbj8 Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge, Working Paper no. 496]</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/United States unemployment with incarceration 1892-2016.png?width=200 "incarceration]] raised real unemployment by around 1.5% since 1980.<ref>E McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018) [https://osf.io/preprints/lawarxiv/udbj8 Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge, Working Paper no. 496]</ref>")
![employee representatives]] on [[boards of directors]], or elected [[work councils]].<ref>See further RL Hogler and GJ Grenier, ''Employee Participation and Labor Law in the American Workplace'' (1992)</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/United States union membership and inequality, top 1% income share, 1910 to 2010.png?width=200 "employee representatives]] on [[boards of directors]], or elected [[work councils]].<ref>See further RL Hogler and GJ Grenier, ''Employee Participation and Labor Law in the American Workplace'' (1992)</ref>")
![The [[Works Progress Administration]] from 1935 to 1943,<ref>[[Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935]]</ref> created 8.5m jobs spending $1.3bn a year to get out of the [[Great Depression]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WPA-Work-Pays-America-Poster.jpg?width=200 "The [[Works Progress Administration]] from 1935 to 1943,<ref>[[Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935]]</ref> created 8.5m jobs spending $1.3bn a year to get out of the [[Great Depression]].")
![[[Rosie the Riveter]] symbolized women factory workers in [[World War II]]. The [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]] banned pay discrimination within workplaces.<ref>cf [[ILO]] [[Equal Remuneration Convention 1951]] [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_ILO_CODE:C100 c 100], art 2(2) requiring the principle of equal pay through "(a) national laws or regulations; (b) legally established or recognised machinery for wage determination; (c) [[collective agreements]] between employers and workers".</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/We Can Do It! NARA 535413 - Restoration 2.jpg?width=200 "[[Rosie the Riveter]] symbolized women factory workers in [[World War II]]. The [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]] banned pay discrimination within workplaces.<ref>cf [[ILO]] [[Equal Remuneration Convention 1951]] [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_ILO_CODE:C100 c 100], art 2(2) requiring the principle of equal pay through \"(a) national laws or regulations; (b) legally established or recognised machinery for wage determination; (c) [[collective agreements]] between employers and workers\".</ref>")
![[[Unfair labor practices]], made unlawful by the [[National Labor Relations Act of 1935]] §153, prohibit employers discriminating against people who organize a union and [[vote]] to get a [[voice at work]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Weltec stopwork meeting, 19 March 2009 (3367324864).jpg?width=200 "[[Unfair labor practices]], made unlawful by the [[National Labor Relations Act of 1935]] §153, prohibit employers discriminating against people who organize a union and [[vote]] to get a [[voice at work]].")
Википедия
Labour laws (also known as labor laws or employment laws) are those that mediate the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions, and the government. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer, and union.
Individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work also through the contract for work. Employment standards are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work. Government agencies (such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforce labour law (legislature, regulatory, or judicial).
