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Что (кто) такое observational equivalence - определение
SEMANTIC PROPERTY
Operational equivalence; Contextual equivalence; Observationally equivalent
Найдено результатов: 212
observational equivalence
Two terms M and N are observationally equivalent iff for all
contexts C[M ] is a valid term, C[N ] is also a valid
term with the same value.
Observational equivalence
Observational equivalence is the property of two or more underlying entities being indistinguishable on the basis of their observable implications. Thus, for example, two scientific theories are observationally equivalent if all of their empirically testable predictions are identical, in which case empirical evidence cannot be used to distinguish which is closer to being correct; indeed, it may be that they are actually two different perspectives on one underlying theory.
Observational comedy
FORM OF HUMOR
Observational comedian; Observational humour; Observational humor
Observational comedy is a form of humor based on the commonplace aspects of everyday life. It is one of the main types of humor in stand-up comedy.
Weak equivalence (homotopy theory)
MAP THAT INDUCES ISOMORPHISMS IN ALL HOMOTOPY GROUPS
Weak homotopy equivalence; Weak equivalence (mathematics)
In mathematics, a weak equivalence is a notion from homotopy theory that in some sense identifies objects that have the same "shape". This notion is formalized in the axiomatic definition of a model category.
Observational study
![et]]) from [[University of Tartu]] who measured about 50 000 people](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Blankett, Antropoloogiline vaatlusleht, vorm nr. 4, 1961.jpg?width=200 "et]]) from [[University of Tartu]] who measured about 50 000 people")
DRAWS INFERENCES FROM A SAMPLE TO A POPULATION WHERE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS NOT UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE RESEARCHER BECAUSE OF ETHICAL CONCERNS OR LOGISTICAL CONSTRAINTS
Observational studies; Observational data; Non-experimental; Population based study; Bias in observational studies; Uncontrolled study
In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. One common observational study is about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator.
Ricardian equivalence
ECONOMIC THEORY
Ricardian proposition; Ricardan equivalence hypothesis; Barro-Ricardo theorem; Barro-Ricardo equivalence; Ricardian Equivalence; Ricardan Equivalence Hypothesis; Ricardian theory of rent; Ricardian equivalence theorem; Barro–Ricardo equivalence; Barro–Ricardo equivalence theorem; Barro-Ricardo equivalence theorem
The Ricardian equivalence proposition (also known as the Ricardo–de Viti–Barro equivalence theorem) is an economic hypothesis holding that consumers are forward-looking and so internalize the government's budget constraint when making their consumption decisions. This leads to the result that, for a given pattern of government spending, the method of financing such spending does not affect agents' consumption decisions, and thus, it does not change aggregate demand.
Surface equivalence principle
Field equivalence principle; Surface equivalence theorem; Love equivalence principle; Schelkunoff equivalence principle
In electromagnetism, surface equivalence principle or surface equivalence theorem relates an arbitrary current distribution within an imaginary closed surface with an equivalent source on the surface. It is also known as field equivalence principle, Huygens' equivalence principle or simply as the equivalence principle.
Equivalence principle
PRINCIPLE OF GENERAL RELATIVITY STATING THAT INERTIAL AND GRAVITATIONAL MASSES ARE EQUIVALENT
User:Ems57fcva/sandbox/Equivalence Effect; User:Ems57fcva/sandbox/Equivalence Principle; Variation of the fundamental constants; Weak equivalence principle; Strong equivalence principle; Einstein equivalence principle; Universality of free fall; Equivalence Principle; Equivalence principle of special relativity; Equivalence principle of gravitation; Equivelance principle; Galilean equivalence; Principal of equivalence; Einstein's equivalence principle; Principle of Equivalence; The Equivalence Principle; Galilean equivalence principle
In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and Albert Einstein's observation that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (such as the Earth) is the same as the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in a non-inertial (accelerated) frame of reference.
equivalence
WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE
Equivalent; Equivalences; Complex equivalence; Inequivalent; Equivalence (disambiguation); Equivalence (mathematics)
If there is equivalence between two things, they have the same use, function, size, or value.
...the equivalence of science and rationality.
N-UNCOUNT
equivalent
WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE
Equivalent; Equivalences; Complex equivalence; Inequivalent; Equivalence (disambiguation); Equivalence (mathematics)
(equivalents)
Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English.
1.
If one amount or value is the equivalent of another, they are the same.
The equivalent of two tablespoons of polyunsaturated oils is ample each day...
Even the cheapest car costs the equivalent of 70 years' salary for a government worker.
N-SING: oft N of n
•
Equivalent is also an adjective.
A unit is equivalent to a glass of wine or a single measure of spirits...
They will react with hostility to the price rises and calls for equivalent wage increases are bound to be heard.
= equal
ADJ: oft ADJ to n
2.
The equivalent of someone or something is a person or thing that has the same function in a different place, time, or system.
...the civil administrator of the West Bank and his equivalent in Gaza.
...the Red Cross emblem, and its equivalent in Muslim countries, the Red Crescent.
= counterpart
N-COUNT: usu with poss
•
Equivalent is also an adjective.
...a decrease of 10% in property investment compared with the equivalent period in 1991.
ADJ
3.
You can use equivalent to emphasize the great or severe effect of something.
His party has just suffered the equivalent of a near-fatal heart attack.
N-SING: the N of n [emphasis]
Википедия
Observational equivalence
Observational equivalence is the property of two or more underlying entities being indistinguishable on the basis of their observable implications. Thus, for example, two scientific theories are observationally equivalent if all of their empirically testable predictions are identical, in which case empirical evidence cannot be used to distinguish which is closer to being correct; indeed, it may be that they are actually two different perspectives on one underlying theory.
In econometrics, two parameter values (or two structures, from among a class of statistical models) are considered observationally equivalent if they both result in the same probability distribution of observable data. This term often arises in relation to the identification problem.
In the formal semantics of programming languages, two terms M and N are observationally equivalent if and only if, in all contexts C[...] where C[M] is a valid term, it is the case that C[N] is also a valid term with the same value. Thus it is not possible, within the system, to distinguish between the two terms. This definition can be made precise only with respect to a particular calculus, one that comes with its own specific definitions of term, context, and the value of a term. The notion is due to James H. Morris, who called it "extensional equivalence."
