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Что (кто) такое sedimentary$73360$ - определение
![Global collage of sand samples. There is one square centimeter of sand on every sample photo. Sand samples row by row from left to right: 1. Glass sand from Kauai, Hawaii 2. Dune sand from the Gobi Desert 3. Quartz sand with green glauconite from Estonia 4. Volcanic sand with reddish weathered basalt from Maui, Hawaii 5. Biogenic coral sand from Molokai, Hawaii 6. Coral pink sand dunes from Utah 7. Volcanic glass sand from California 8. Garnet sand from Emerald Creek, Idaho 9. Olivine sand from Papakolea, Hawaii. [http://www.sandatlas.org/sand-types/]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/00065 sand collage.jpg?width=200 "Global collage of sand samples. There is one square centimeter of sand on every sample photo. Sand samples row by row from left to right: 1. Glass sand from Kauai, Hawaii 2. Dune sand from the Gobi Desert 3. Quartz sand with green glauconite from Estonia 4. Volcanic sand with reddish weathered basalt from Maui, Hawaii 5. Biogenic coral sand from Molokai, Hawaii 6. Coral pink sand dunes from Utah 7. Volcanic glass sand from California 8. Garnet sand from Emerald Creek, Idaho 9. Olivine sand from Papakolea, Hawaii. [http://www.sandatlas.org/sand-types/]")
![A piece of a [[banded iron formation]], a type of rock that consists of alternating layers with [[iron(III) oxide]] (red) and [[iron(II) oxide]] (grey). BIFs were mostly formed during the [[Precambrian]], when the atmosphere was not yet rich in oxygen. [[Moodies Group]], [[Barberton Greenstone Belt]], [[South Africa]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Banded Iron Formation Barberton.jpg?width=200 "A piece of a [[banded iron formation]], a type of rock that consists of alternating layers with [[iron(III) oxide]] (red) and [[iron(II) oxide]] (grey). BIFs were mostly formed during the [[Precambrian]], when the atmosphere was not yet rich in oxygen. [[Moodies Group]], [[Barberton Greenstone Belt]], [[South Africa]]")
![competent]] and less competent beds in the [[Blue Lias]] at [[Lyme Regis]], southern England](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Blue lias cliffs at Lyme Regis.jpg?width=200 "competent]] and less competent beds in the [[Blue Lias]] at [[Lyme Regis]], southern England")
![[[Fossils]] of [[Nerinea]] marine [[gastropods]] of [[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Cenomanian]]) age, in limestone in [[Lebanon]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cretaceous Gastropod Fossils Lebanon.jpg?width=200 "[[Fossils]] of [[Nerinea]] marine [[gastropods]] of [[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Cenomanian]]) age, in limestone in [[Lebanon]]")
![Middle Old Red Sandstone]] ([[Devonian]]) on [[Bressay]], [[Shetland Islands]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crossbeddingbressay.jpg?width=200 "Middle Old Red Sandstone]] ([[Devonian]]) on [[Bressay]], [[Shetland Islands]]")
![[[Flute cast]]s, a type of [[sole marking]] on the base of a vertical layer of Triassic sandstone in Spain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Flute cast - Triassic - Riba de Santiuste - Spain.JPG?width=200 "[[Flute cast]]s, a type of [[sole marking]] on the base of a vertical layer of Triassic sandstone in Spain")
![Fossil-rich layers in a sedimentary rock, [[Año Nuevo State Reserve]], [[California]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fossils in a beach wall.JPG?width=200 "Fossil-rich layers in a sedimentary rock, [[Año Nuevo State Reserve]], [[California]]")
![[[Claystone]] deposited in [[Glacial Lake Missoula]], [[Montana]], [[United States]]. Note the very fine and flat bedding, common for deposits coming from [[lake]] beds further away from the source of sediment.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/GLMsed.jpg?width=200 "[[Claystone]] deposited in [[Glacial Lake Missoula]], [[Montana]], [[United States]]. Note the very fine and flat bedding, common for deposits coming from [[lake]] beds further away from the source of sediment.")
![foreland]] of the [[Pyrenees]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Graafgang.jpg?width=200 "foreland]] of the [[Pyrenees]]")
![[[Halite]] crystal mold in dolomite, Paadla Formation ([[Silurian]]), [[Saaremaa]], Estonia](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/HaliteCrystalMold.jpg?width=200 "[[Halite]] crystal mold in dolomite, Paadla Formation ([[Silurian]]), [[Saaremaa]], Estonia")
![Mississippian]]) of Jackson County, [[Ohio]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Logan Formation Cross Bedding Scour.jpg?width=200 "Mississippian]]) of Jackson County, [[Ohio]]")
![Lower Antelope Canyon]] was carved out of the surrounding [[sandstone]] by both mechanical weathering and chemical weathering. Wind, sand, and water from [[flash flood]]ing are the primary weathering agents.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lower antelope 3 md.jpg?width=200 "Lower Antelope Canyon]] was carved out of the surrounding [[sandstone]] by both mechanical weathering and chemical weathering. Wind, sand, and water from [[flash flood]]ing are the primary weathering agents.")
![regression]] of the sea (below)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Offlap & onlap EN.svg?width=200 "regression]] of the sea (below)")
![Outcrop of [[Ordovician]] [[oil shale]] ([[kukersite]]), northern Estonia](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/OilShaleEstonia.jpg?width=200 "Outcrop of [[Ordovician]] [[oil shale]] ([[kukersite]]), northern Estonia")
![[[Pressure solution]] at work in a [[clastic rock]]. While material dissolves at places where grains are in contact, that material may recrystallize from the solution and act as cement in open pore spaces. As a result, there is a net flow of material from areas under high stress to those under low stress, producing a sedimentary rock that is harder and more compact. Loose sand can become sandstone in this way.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pressure solution sandstone.svg?width=200 "[[Pressure solution]] at work in a [[clastic rock]]. While material dissolves at places where grains are in contact, that material may recrystallize from the solution and act as cement in open pore spaces. As a result, there is a net flow of material from areas under high stress to those under low stress, producing a sedimentary rock that is harder and more compact. Loose sand can become sandstone in this way.")
![Haßberge]], [[Bavaria]])](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rippelmarken Hassberge ReiKi.jpg?width=200 "Haßberge]], [[Bavaria]])")
![rounding]] and [[sphericity]] of grains](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rounding & sphericity EN.svg?width=200 "rounding]] and [[sphericity]] of grains")
![The [[Permian]] through [[Jurassic]] stratigraphy of the [[Colorado Plateau]] area of southeastern [[Utah]] that makes up much of the famous prominent rock formations in protected areas such as [[Capitol Reef National Park]] and [[Canyonlands National Park]]. From top to bottom: Rounded tan domes of the [[Navajo Sandstone]], layered red [[Kayenta Formation]], cliff-forming, vertically jointed, red [[Wingate Sandstone]], slope-forming, purplish [[Chinle Formation]], layered, lighter-red [[Moenkopi Formation]], and white, layered [[Cutler Formation]] sandstone. Picture from [[Glen Canyon National Recreation Area]], Utah.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SEUtahStrat.JPG?width=200 "The [[Permian]] through [[Jurassic]] stratigraphy of the [[Colorado Plateau]] area of southeastern [[Utah]] that makes up much of the famous prominent rock formations in protected areas such as [[Capitol Reef National Park]] and [[Canyonlands National Park]]. From top to bottom: Rounded tan domes of the [[Navajo Sandstone]], layered red [[Kayenta Formation]], cliff-forming, vertically jointed, red [[Wingate Sandstone]], slope-forming, purplish [[Chinle Formation]], layered, lighter-red [[Moenkopi Formation]], and white, layered [[Cutler Formation]] sandstone. Picture from [[Glen Canyon National Recreation Area]], Utah.")
![The swirls of tan, green, blue, and white are sediment in the shallow waters of the [[Gulf of Mexico]] off the [[Yucatan Peninsula]]. The blue-green cloud in this image roughly matches the extent of the shallow [[continental shelf]] west of the peninsula. This is a perfect example of a shallow marine [[depositional environment]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sediment off the Yucatan Peninsula.jpg?width=200 "The swirls of tan, green, blue, and white are sediment in the shallow waters of the [[Gulf of Mexico]] off the [[Yucatan Peninsula]]. The blue-green cloud in this image roughly matches the extent of the shallow [[continental shelf]] west of the peninsula. This is a perfect example of a shallow marine [[depositional environment]].")
![Sedimentary rock with sandstone in [[Malta]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sedimentgesteine auf Malta.JPG?width=200 "Sedimentary rock with sandstone in [[Malta]]")
![well-sorted]] (left) and poorly sorted (right) grains](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sorting in sediment.svg?width=200 "well-sorted]] (left) and poorly sorted (right) grains")
![Middle [[Triassic]] marginal marine sequence of siltstones (reddish layers at the cliff base) and [[limestones]] (brown rocks above), [[Virgin Formation]], southwestern [[Utah]], U.S.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Triassic Utah.JPG?width=200 "Middle [[Triassic]] marginal marine sequence of siltstones (reddish layers at the cliff base) and [[limestones]] (brown rocks above), [[Virgin Formation]], southwestern [[Utah]], U.S.")
![[[Uluru]] (Ayers Rock) is a large [[sandstone]] formation in [[Northern Territory]], [[Australia]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Uluṟu (Ayers Rock), Sunset.jpg?width=200 "[[Uluru]] (Ayers Rock) is a large [[sandstone]] formation in [[Northern Territory]], [[Australia]].")
![[[Plate tectonics]] diagram showing convergence of an oceanic plate and a continental plate. Note the [[back-arc basin]], [[forearc basin]], and [[oceanic basin]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Volcanic Arc System SVG en.svg?width=200 "[[Plate tectonics]] diagram showing convergence of an oceanic plate and a continental plate. Note the [[back-arc basin]], [[forearc basin]], and [[oceanic basin]].")
![[[Chert]] concretions in [[chalk]], [[Middle Lefkara Formation]] (upper [[Paleocene]] to middle [[Eocene]]), [[Cyprus]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Vuursteenknollen in krijtgesteente.jpg?width=200 "[[Chert]] concretions in [[chalk]], [[Middle Lefkara Formation]] (upper [[Paleocene]] to middle [[Eocene]]), [[Cyprus]]")
![Curiosity Mars rover]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/PIA17603 Erosion by Scarp Retreat in Gale Crater, Annotated Version.jpg?width=200 "Curiosity Mars rover]]")
![Chalous Road]] in northern Iran](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chalus road - ninara 02.jpg?width=200 "Chalous Road]] in northern Iran")
![Puʻu Mahana cinder cone]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Entropy in Nature.jpg?width=200 "Puʻu Mahana cinder cone]].")
Википедия
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface, followed by cementation. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause these particles to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock are called sediment, and may be composed of geological detritus (minerals) or biological detritus (organic matter). The geological detritus originated from weathering and erosion of existing rocks, or from the solidification of molten lava blobs erupted by volcanoes. The geological detritus is transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice or mass movement, which are called agents of denudation. Biological detritus was formed by bodies and parts (mainly shells) of dead aquatic organisms, as well as their fecal mass, suspended in water and slowly piling up on the floor of water bodies (marine snow). Sedimentation may also occur as dissolved minerals precipitate from water solution.
The sedimentary rock cover of the continents of the Earth's crust is extensive (73% of the Earth's current land surface), but sedimentary rock is estimated to be only 8% of the volume of the crust. Sedimentary rocks are only a thin veneer over a crust consisting mainly of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks are deposited in layers as strata, forming a structure called bedding. Sedimentary rocks are often deposited in large structures called sedimentary basins. Sedimentary rocks have also been found on Mars.
The study of sedimentary rocks and rock strata provides information about the subsurface that is useful for civil engineering, for example in the construction of roads, houses, tunnels, canals or other structures. Sedimentary rocks are also important sources of natural resources including coal, fossil fuels, drinking water and ores.
The study of the sequence of sedimentary rock strata is the main source for an understanding of the Earth's history, including palaeogeography, paleoclimatology and the history of life. The scientific discipline that studies the properties and origin of sedimentary rocks is called sedimentology. Sedimentology is part of both geology and physical geography and overlaps partly with other disciplines in the Earth sciences, such as pedology, geomorphology, geochemistry and structural geology.
