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Что (кто) такое smear test - определение
BRANCH OF PATHOLOGY THAT STUDIES AND DIAGNOSES DISEASES ON THE CELLULAR LEVEL
Cellular pathology; Smear test; Cytopathologist; Cytologic smears; Cytologic smear; Cytologic smear test; Exfoliative cytology; Imprint cytology; Cytopathological
![An [[adenocarcinoma]] with typical features as can be seen on cytopathology](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pap stain of adenocarcinoma in peritoneal fluid.png?width=200 "An [[adenocarcinoma]] with typical features as can be seen on cytopathology")
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smear test
¦ noun Brit. a test to detect signs of cervical cancer, conducted by taking a cervical smear.
cervical smear
![[[Micrograph]] of a normal pap smear](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Normal PAP (Cervical) Smear.jpg?width=200 "[[Micrograph]] of a normal pap smear")
![endocervical]] mucosa. [[Pap stain]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Low-grade sil and endocx.jpg?width=200 "endocervical]] mucosa. [[Pap stain]].")
![[[Micrograph]] of a Pap test showing [[trichomoniasis]]. Trichomonas organism seen in the upper right. [[Pap stain]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Trichomonas pap test.jpg?width=200 "[[Micrograph]] of a Pap test showing [[trichomoniasis]]. Trichomonas organism seen in the upper right. [[Pap stain]].")
![[[Micrograph]] of a Pap test showing changes of [[herpes simplex virus]]. [[Pap stain]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Herpes simplex virus pap test.jpg?width=200 "[[Micrograph]] of a Pap test showing changes of [[herpes simplex virus]]. [[Pap stain]].")
![Endocervical [[adenocarcinoma]] on a pap test.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Adenocarcinoma on pap test 1.jpg?width=200 "Endocervical [[adenocarcinoma]] on a pap test.")
![Candida]] organisms on a pap test.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Candida pap 1.jpg?width=200 "Candida]] organisms on a pap test.")
![Viral cytopathic effect consistent with [[herpes simplex virus]] on a pap test.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Herpes_simplex_virus_pap_test.jpg?width=200 "Viral cytopathic effect consistent with [[herpes simplex virus]] on a pap test.")
![Normal squamous epithelial cells in [[premenopausal]] women](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pap test normal.jpg?width=200 "Normal squamous epithelial cells in [[premenopausal]] women")
![Atrophic squamous cells in [[postmenopausal]] women](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pap test atropy.JPG?width=200 "Atrophic squamous cells in [[postmenopausal]] women")
![endocervical cells]] should be present into the slide, as a proof of a good quality sampling](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pap test endocervical cells.JPG?width=200 "endocervical cells]] should be present into the slide, as a proof of a good quality sampling")
![Döderlein]] bacilli can be seen.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pap test citolysis.JPG?width=200 "Döderlein]] bacilli can be seen.")
![Infestation by [[Trichomonas vaginalis]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pap test trichomonas.JPG?width=200 "Infestation by [[Trichomonas vaginalis]]")
SCREENING TEST USED TO DETECT POTENTIALLY PRE-CANCEROUS AND CANCEROUS PROCESSES IN THE ENDOCERVICAL CANAL
PAP-smear; PAP Smear; Cervical smear; Papanicolaou smear; Papanicolaou Test; Vaginal smears; Pap Smear; Papanicolou; Papanicolau test; Papanicolaou test; Pap smear; Cancer smear; Papanicoulau smear; ASCUS; Papanicolau; Papsmear; Cervical smear test; Vaginal examination; Pap screening; Exfoliative cervical cytology; Pap smears; Aylesbury spatula; Cervical Smear; Pap tests; Pap smear test; Cervical pap
¦ noun Brit. a specimen of cellular material from the neck of the womb spread on a microscope slide for examination for cancerous cells.
Pap test
SCREENING TEST USED TO DETECT POTENTIALLY PRE-CANCEROUS AND CANCEROUS PROCESSES IN THE ENDOCERVICAL CANAL
PAP-smear; PAP Smear; Cervical smear; Papanicolaou smear; Papanicolaou Test; Vaginal smears; Pap Smear; Papanicolou; Papanicolau test; Papanicolaou test; Pap smear; Cancer smear; Papanicoulau smear; ASCUS; Papanicolau; Papsmear; Cervical smear test; Vaginal examination; Pap screening; Exfoliative cervical cytology; Pap smears; Aylesbury spatula; Cervical Smear; Pap tests; Pap smear test; Cervical pap
[pap]
¦ noun a test carried out on a cervical smear to detect cancer of the cervix or womb.
Origin
1960s: named after the American scientist George N. Papanicolaou.
pap test
SCREENING TEST USED TO DETECT POTENTIALLY PRE-CANCEROUS AND CANCEROUS PROCESSES IN THE ENDOCERVICAL CANAL
PAP-smear; PAP Smear; Cervical smear; Papanicolaou smear; Papanicolaou Test; Vaginal smears; Pap Smear; Papanicolou; Papanicolau test; Papanicolaou test; Pap smear; Cancer smear; Papanicoulau smear; ASCUS; Papanicolau; Papsmear; Cervical smear test; Vaginal examination; Pap screening; Exfoliative cervical cytology; Pap smears; Aylesbury spatula; Cervical Smear; Pap tests; Pap smear test; Cervical pap
see pap smear
pap smear
SCREENING TEST USED TO DETECT POTENTIALLY PRE-CANCEROUS AND CANCEROUS PROCESSES IN THE ENDOCERVICAL CANAL
PAP-smear; PAP Smear; Cervical smear; Papanicolaou smear; Papanicolaou Test; Vaginal smears; Pap Smear; Papanicolou; Papanicolau test; Papanicolaou test; Pap smear; Cancer smear; Papanicoulau smear; ASCUS; Papanicolau; Papsmear; Cervical smear test; Vaginal examination; Pap screening; Exfoliative cervical cytology; Pap smears; Aylesbury spatula; Cervical Smear; Pap tests; Pap smear test; Cervical pap
also pap test
(pap smears)
A pap smear is a medical test in which cells are taken from a woman's cervix and analysed to see if any cancer cells are present. (AM; in BRIT, use smear
)
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N-COUNT
Discredit
!["The Great Republican Reform Party Calling on their Candidate", an 1856 political cartoon in which various "extremists", including a Catholic, press [[John C. Frémont]], the first Republican party candidate for president of the United States, for their respective causes. There was a political campaign smear rumor current in 1856 that Fremont was a Catholic.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg?width=200 "\"The Great Republican Reform Party Calling on their Candidate\", an 1856 political cartoon in which various \"extremists\", including a Catholic, press [[John C. Frémont]], the first Republican party candidate for president of the United States, for their respective causes. There was a political campaign smear rumor current in 1856 that Fremont was a Catholic.")
EFFORT TO DAMAGE OR CALL INTO QUESTION SOMEONE'S REPUTATION, BY PROPOUNDING NEGATIVE PROPAGANDA
Discrediting tactic; Discrediting tactics; Smear tactic; Smear champaign; Smear campaigns; Mud slinging; Smashmouth politics; Smear Campaign; Discredit; Discrediting; Distortion campaign; Smear tactics; Smear (politics)
·noun Hence, some degree of dishonor or disesteem; ill repute; reproach;
- applied to persons or things.
II. Discredit ·vt To deprive of credibility; to destroy confidence or trust in; to cause disbelief in the accuracy or authority of.
III. Discredit ·vt To refuse credence to; not to accept as true; to Disbelieve; as, the report is discredited.
IV. Discredit ·vt To deprive of credit or good repute; to bring reproach upon; to make less reputable; to Disgrace.
V. Discredit ·noun The act of discrediting or disbelieving, or the state of being discredited or disbelieved; as, later accounts have brought the story into discredit.
discredit
EFFORT TO DAMAGE OR CALL INTO QUESTION SOMEONE'S REPUTATION, BY PROPOUNDING NEGATIVE PROPAGANDA
Discrediting tactic; Discrediting tactics; Smear tactic; Smear champaign; Smear campaigns; Mud slinging; Smashmouth politics; Smear Campaign; Discredit; Discrediting; Distortion campaign; Smear tactics; Smear (politics)
(discredits, discrediting, discredited)
1.
To discredit someone or something means to cause them to lose people's respect or trust.
...a secret unit within the company that had been set up to discredit its major rival...
VERB: V n
• discredited
The previous government is, by now, thoroughly discredited.
ADJ
2.
To discredit an idea or evidence means to make it appear false or not certain.
They realized there would be difficulties in discrediting the evidence.
VERB: V n
discredit
EFFORT TO DAMAGE OR CALL INTO QUESTION SOMEONE'S REPUTATION, BY PROPOUNDING NEGATIVE PROPAGANDA
Discrediting tactic; Discrediting tactics; Smear tactic; Smear champaign; Smear campaigns; Mud slinging; Smashmouth politics; Smear Campaign; Discredit; Discrediting; Distortion campaign; Smear tactics; Smear (politics)
¦ verb (discredits, discrediting, discredited) harm the good reputation of.
?cause (an idea or account) to seem false or unreliable.
¦ noun loss or lack of reputation.
discredit
EFFORT TO DAMAGE OR CALL INTO QUESTION SOMEONE'S REPUTATION, BY PROPOUNDING NEGATIVE PROPAGANDA
Discrediting tactic; Discrediting tactics; Smear tactic; Smear champaign; Smear campaigns; Mud slinging; Smashmouth politics; Smear Campaign; Discredit; Discrediting; Distortion campaign; Smear tactics; Smear (politics)
I. n.
1.
Doubt, question, loss of credit or credence.
2.
Disrepute, dishonor, disgrace, reproach, opprobrium, obloquy, odium, ignominy, ill repute.
II. v. a.
1.
Disbelieve, give no credit to, place no confidence in, refuse credence to, question, doubt.
2.
Disgrace, dishonor, bring reproach upon, make disreputable, blow upon, destroy confidence in, bring into disfavor, make distasteful, deprive of credit.
discredit
EFFORT TO DAMAGE OR CALL INTO QUESTION SOMEONE'S REPUTATION, BY PROPOUNDING NEGATIVE PROPAGANDA
Discrediting tactic; Discrediting tactics; Smear tactic; Smear champaign; Smear campaigns; Mud slinging; Smashmouth politics; Smear Campaign; Discredit; Discrediting; Distortion campaign; Smear tactics; Smear (politics)
n.
1) to bring discredit on, to
2) a discredit to (a discredit to one's family)
Википедия
Cytopathology
Cytopathology (from Greek κύτος, kytos, "a hollow"; πάθος, pathos, "fate, harm"; and -λογία, -logia) is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. The discipline was founded by George Nicolas Papanicolaou in 1928. Cytopathology is generally used on samples of free cells or tissue fragments, in contrast to histopathology, which studies whole tissues. Cytopathology is frequently, less precisely, called "cytology", which means "the study of cells".
Cytopathology is commonly used to investigate diseases involving a wide range of body sites, often to aid in the diagnosis of cancer but also in the diagnosis of some infectious diseases and other inflammatory conditions. For example, a common application of cytopathology is the Pap smear, a screening tool used to detect precancerous cervical lesions that may lead to cervical cancer.
Cytopathologic tests are sometimes called smear tests because the samples may be smeared across a glass microscope slide for subsequent staining and microscopic examination. However, cytology samples may be prepared in other ways, including cytocentrifugation. Different types of smear tests may also be used for cancer diagnosis. In this sense, it is termed a cytologic smear.
