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этимология

Что (кто) такое upward characteristic - определение

ASSOCIATION OF COHOMOLOGY CLASSES TO PRINCIPAL BUNDLES

Characteristic classes; Characteristic number

Allen Upward

BRITISH OET, LAWYER, POLITICIAN AND TEACHER

Alan Upward

George Allen Upward (20 September 1863National School Admission Registers & Log-books 1870-1914 – 12 November 1926New General Catalog of Old Books and Authors) was a poet, lawyer, politician and teacher. His work was included in the first anthology of Imagist poetry, Des Imagistes, which was edited by Ezra Pound and published in 1914.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Upward

occulting light

DESCRIPTION OF NAVIGATIONAL LIGHT

Characteristic (lighthouse); Isophase light; Flashing light; Occulting light; Flashing Light; Isophase Light; Occulting Light; Characteristic light; Fixed and flashing light

¦ noun a light in a lighthouse or buoy which shines for a longer period than that for which it is cut off.

Characteristic X-ray

K-alpha; K-beta; Characteristic x-ray; Characteristic X-ray emission

Characteristic X-rays are emitted when outer-shell electrons fill a vacancy in the inner shell of an atom, releasing X-rays in a pattern that is "characteristic" to each element. Characteristic X-rays were discovered by Charles Glover Barkla in 1909, who later won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery in 1917.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_X-ray

Википедия

Characteristic class

In mathematics, a characteristic class is a way of associating to each principal bundle of X a cohomology class of X. The cohomology class measures the extent the bundle is "twisted" and whether it possesses sections. Characteristic classes are global invariants that measure the deviation of a local product structure from a global product structure. They are one of the unifying geometric concepts in algebraic topology, differential geometry, and algebraic geometry.

The notion of characteristic class arose in 1935 in the work of Eduard Stiefel and Hassler Whitney about vector fields on manifolds.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic class