Two nuclides are isotones if they have the same neutron number N, but different proton number Z. For example, boron-12 and carbon-13 nuclei both contain 7 neutrons, and so are isotones. Similarly, ³⁶S, ³⁷Cl, ³⁸Ar, ³⁹K, and ⁴⁰Ca nuclei are all isotones of 20 because they all contain 20 neutrons. Despite its similarity to the Greek for "same stretching", the term was formed by the German physicist K. Guggenheimer by changing the "p" in "isotope" from "p" for "proton" to "n" for "neutron".

The largest numbers of observationally stable nuclides exist for isotones 50 (five: ⁸⁶Kr, ⁸⁸Sr, ⁸⁹Y, ⁹⁰Zr, ⁹²Mo) and 82 (six: ¹³⁸Ba, ¹³⁹La, ¹⁴⁰Ce, ¹⁴¹Pr, ¹⁴²Nd, ¹⁴⁴Sm). Neutron numbers for which there are no stable isotones are 19, 21, 35, 39, 45, 61, 89, 115, 123, and 127 or more. In contrast, the proton numbers for which there are no stable isotopes are 43, 61, and 83 or more. This is related to nuclear magic numbers, the number of nucleons forming complete shells within the nucleus, e.g. 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. No more than one stable nuclide has the same odd neutron number, except for 1 (²H and ³He), 5 (⁹Be and ¹⁰B), 7 (¹³C and ¹⁴N), 55 (⁹⁷Mo and ⁹⁹Ru), and 107 (¹⁷⁹Hf and ^180mTa). Odd neutron numbers for which there is a stable nuclide and a primordial radionuclide are 27 (⁵⁰V), 65 (¹¹³Cd), 81 (¹³⁸La), 85 (¹⁴⁷Sm), and 105 (¹⁷⁶Lu). Neutron numbers for which there are two primordial radionuclides are 88 (¹⁵¹Eu and ¹⁵²Gd) and 112 (¹⁸⁷Re and ¹⁹⁰Pt).