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Doppler effect - перевод на Английский
![Colour flow ultrasonography (Doppler) of a [[carotid artery]] – scanner and screen](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CarotidDoppler1.jpg?width=200 "Colour flow ultrasonography (Doppler) of a [[carotid artery]] – scanner and screen")
![Change of [[wavelength]] caused by motion of the source.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Doppler effect diagrammatic.svg?width=200 "Change of [[wavelength]] caused by motion of the source.")
![LEO]]: orbit altitude <math>h</math> = 750 km). Fixed ground station.<ref>Otilia Popescuy, Jason S. Harrisz and Dimitrie C. Popescuz, Designing the Communica- tion Sub-System for Nanosatellite CubeSat Missions: Operational and Implementation Perspectives, 2016, IEEE</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SatDoppler.png?width=200 "LEO]]: orbit altitude <math>h</math> = 750 km). Fixed ground station.<ref>Otilia Popescuy, Jason S. Harrisz and Dimitrie C. Popescuz, Designing the Communica- tion Sub-System for Nanosatellite CubeSat Missions: Operational and Implementation Perspectives, 2016, IEEE</ref>")
![Doppler Spread]]) and <math>f_{\rm D,Sat}</math> is the additional Doppler shift due to the satellite moving.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SatDopplerSpectrum.png?width=200 "Doppler Spread]]) and <math>f_{\rm D,Sat}</math> is the additional Doppler shift due to the satellite moving.")
![The forces at play in the case of a curved surface.<br>''Red'': gravity<br>''Green'': the [[normal force]]<br>''Blue'': the net resultant [[centripetal force]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Forces in a Parabolic Dish.svg?width=200 "The forces at play in the case of a curved surface.<br>''Red'': gravity<br>''Green'': the [[normal force]]<br>''Blue'': the net resultant [[centripetal force]].")
![Typhoon Nanmadol]] (left), rotate counterclockwise, and in the Southern hemisphere, low-pressure systems like [[Cyclone Darian]] (right) rotate clockwise.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Northern vs Southern hemisphere tropical cyclones.jpg?width=200 "Typhoon Nanmadol]] (left), rotate counterclockwise, and in the Southern hemisphere, low-pressure systems like [[Cyclone Darian]] (right) rotate clockwise.")
Определение
Википедия
The Doppler effect or Doppler shift (or simply Doppler, when in context) is the apparent change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source. It is named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who described the phenomenon in 1842.
A common example of Doppler shift is the change of pitch heard when a vehicle sounding a horn approaches and recedes from an observer. Compared to the emitted frequency, the received frequency is higher during the approach, identical at the instant of passing by, and lower during the recession.
The reason for the Doppler effect is that when the source of the waves is moving towards the observer, each successive wave crest is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the crest of the previous wave. Therefore, each wave takes slightly less time to reach the observer than the previous wave. Hence, the time between the arrivals of successive wave crests at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in the frequency. While they are traveling, the distance between successive wave fronts is reduced, so the waves "bunch together". Conversely, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer, each wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous wave, so the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency. The distance between successive wave fronts is then increased, so the waves "spread out".
For waves that propagate in a medium, such as sound waves, the velocity of the observer and of the source are relative to the medium in which the waves are transmitted. The total Doppler effect may therefore result from motion of the source, motion of the observer, motion of the medium, or any combination thereof. For waves propagating in vacuum, such as electromagnetic waves or gravitational waves, only the difference in velocity between the observer and the source needs to be considered. If this relative speed is not negligible compared to the speed of light, a more complicated relativistic Doppler effect arises.
