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Catherine Mackinnon - перевод на Английский
![Novgorod]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/1000 Potiomkin.jpg?width=200 "Novgorod]]")
![[[Alexander Bezborodko]], the chief architect of Catherine's foreign policy after the death of [[Nikita Panin]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A.A.Bezborodko by Lampi (1794, Hermitage).jpg?width=200 "[[Alexander Bezborodko]], the chief architect of Catherine's foreign policy after the death of [[Nikita Panin]]")
![Russo-Turkish war]], from 1791](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/An Imperial stride! (BM 1868,0808.6035).jpg?width=200 "Russo-Turkish war]], from 1791")
![The State Hermitage Museum]], Saint-Petersburg](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Catherine-the-Great-by-Collot.jpg?width=200 "The State Hermitage Museum]], Saint-Petersburg")
![Fredrikshamn]] in 1783](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Catherine II and Gustav III.jpg?width=200 "Fredrikshamn]] in 1783")
.jpg?width=200 "Portrait of Catherine II")
![Equestrian portrait of Catherine in the [[Preobrazhensky Regiment]]'s uniform, by [[Vigilius Eriksen]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Catherine II of Russia by Vigilius Eriksen - Конный портрет Екатерины Великой. - 1762.jpg?width=200 "Equestrian portrait of Catherine in the [[Preobrazhensky Regiment]]'s uniform, by [[Vigilius Eriksen]]")
![1794 portrait of Catherine, aged approximately 65, with the [[Chesme Column]] in the [[Catherine Park]] in [[Tsarskoye Selo]] in the background](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Catherine II walking by V.Borovikovskiy (1794, Tretyakov gallery).jpg?width=200 "1794 portrait of Catherine, aged approximately 65, with the [[Chesme Column]] in the [[Catherine Park]] in [[Tsarskoye Selo]] in the background")
![[[Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova]], the closest female friend of Empress Catherine and a major figure of the Russian Enlightenment](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/E. Vorontsova-Dashkova by Dm. Levitsky (1784, Hillwood).jpg?width=200 "[[Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova]], the closest female friend of Empress Catherine and a major figure of the Russian Enlightenment")
![Catherine visits Russian scientist [[Mikhail Lomonosov]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ekaterina II and Lomonosov.jpg?width=200 "Catherine visits Russian scientist [[Mikhail Lomonosov]]")
![Portrait of the Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseyevna (the future Catherine the Great) around the time of her wedding, by [[Georg Christoph Grooth]], 1745](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Empress Catherine The Great circa 1845 (George Christoph Grooth).jpg?width=200 "Portrait of the Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseyevna (the future Catherine the Great) around the time of her wedding, by [[Georg Christoph Grooth]], 1745")
![The [[Smolny Institute]], the first Russian [[Institute for Noble Maidens]] and the first European state higher education institution for women](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Galaktionov Smolny institute 1823.jpg?width=200 "The [[Smolny Institute]], the first Russian [[Institute for Noble Maidens]] and the first European state higher education institution for women")
![Young Catherine soon after her arrival in Russia, by [[Louis Caravaque]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Grand Duchess Catherine Alexeevna by L.Caravaque (1745, Gatchina museum).jpg?width=200 "Young Catherine soon after her arrival in Russia, by [[Louis Caravaque]]")
![The inauguration of the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]] in Saint Petersburg in 1757](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jacobi InaguarationofAcademy.jpg?width=200 "The inauguration of the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]] in Saint Petersburg in 1757")
![St. Catherine Cathedral in [[Kingisepp]], an example of Late Baroque architecture](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kingsobor.jpg?width=200 "St. Catherine Cathedral in [[Kingisepp]], an example of Late Baroque architecture")
![Poland]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Marcello Bacciarelli, Portret Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego (cropped).jpg?width=200 "Poland]]")
![The [[Moscow Orphanage]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Moscow Orphanage asv2018-01.jpg?width=200 "The [[Moscow Orphanage]]")
![Count [[Grigory Orlov]], by [[Fyodor Rokotov]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Orlov greg.jpeg?width=200 "Count [[Grigory Orlov]], by [[Fyodor Rokotov]]")
![Peter III]] and his wife, the future Catherine the Great. He reigned only six months, and died on 17 July 1762.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Peter III and Catherine II by Grooth (copy in Odessa).jpg?width=200 "Peter III]] and his wife, the future Catherine the Great. He reigned only six months, and died on 17 July 1762.")
![Catherine's last favourite, [[Platon Zubov]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Platon Zubov by Eggink.jpg?width=200 "Catherine's last favourite, [[Platon Zubov]]")
![Austria]] in 1772, 1793, and 1795](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rzeczpospolita Rozbiory 3.png?width=200 "Austria]] in 1772, 1793, and 1795")
![Punishment with a [[knout]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Supplice du Grand Knout.jpg?width=200 "Punishment with a [[knout]]")
![A 1791 caricature by [[James Gillray]] of an attempted mediation between Catherine the Great (on the right, supported by Austria and France) and the Ottoman Empire. [[William Pitt the Younger]] is shown in armour riding [[George III]], his horse.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Taming-of-the-Shrew-Gillray.jpeg?width=200 "A 1791 caricature by [[James Gillray]] of an attempted mediation between Catherine the Great (on the right, supported by Austria and France) and the Ottoman Empire. [[William Pitt the Younger]] is shown in armour riding [[George III]], his horse.")
![Bashkir]] riders from the Ural steppes](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Башкирские казаки в Европе.jpg?width=200 "Bashkir]] riders from the Ural steppes")
![''[[Monument to the founders of Odesa]]'': Catherine and her companions [[José de Ribas]], [[François Sainte de Wollant]], Platon Zubov and Grigory Potemkin](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Памятник Основателям Одессы.jpg?width=200 "''[[Monument to the founders of Odesa]]'': Catherine and her companions [[José de Ribas]], [[François Sainte de Wollant]], Platon Zubov and Grigory Potemkin")
![Pugachev]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Перов Суд Пугачева (ГИМ).jpg?width=200 "Pugachev]]")
![Marble statue of Catherine II in the guise of [[Minerva]] (1789–1790), by [[Fedot Shubin]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Скульптура Екатерины II в "Русском Музее", г.Санкт-Петербург (2).jpg?width=200 "Marble statue of Catherine II in the guise of [[Minerva]] (1789–1790), by [[Fedot Shubin]]")
Определение
Википедия
Catharine Alice MacKinnon (born October 7, 1946) is an American radical feminist legal scholar, activist, and author. She is the Elizabeth A. Long Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School, where she has been tenured since 1990, and the James Barr Ames Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. From 2008 to 2012, she was the special gender adviser to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court.
As an expert on international law, constitutional law, political and legal theory, and jurisprudence, MacKinnon focuses on women's rights and sexual abuse and exploitation, including sexual harassment, rape, prostitution, sex trafficking and pornography. She was among the first to argue that pornography is a civil rights violation, and that sexual harassment in education and employment constitutes sex discrimination.
MacKinnon is the author of over a dozen books, including Sexual Harassment of Working Women (1979); Feminism Unmodified (1987), Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989); Only Words (1993); a casebook, Sex Equality (2001 and 2007); Women's Lives, Men's Laws (2005); and Butterfly Politics (2017).
