X-ray astronomy - перевод на русский
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  3. X-ray astronomy

X-ray astronomy - перевод на русский

BRANCH OF ASTRONOMY THAT USES X-RAY OBSERVATION
X-Ray astronomy; Cosmic x-ray source; X-Ray Astronomy; X-Ray Galaxy; X-ray galaxy; Xray astronomy; X ray astronomy; X-ray Astronomy; X-ray observatory; Stellar X-ray astronomy; Extrasolar X-ray source astrometry; High-Energy Focusing Telescope; Cosmic X-ray source; Supergiant Fast X-ray Transient; X-ray astronomer; Coronal X-ray emission
  • The [[Crab Nebula]] is a remnant of an exploded star. This image shows the Crab Nebula in various energy bands, including a hard X-ray image from the HEFT data taken during its 2005 observation run. Each image is 6′ wide.
  • ''Swift'']]. Data from Swift's Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope is shown in blue and green, and from its X-Ray Telescope in red.
  • Navy Deacon rockoon photographed just after a shipboard launch in July 1956.
  • Classified as a [[Peculiar star]], Eta Carinae exhibits a superstar at its center as seen in this image from [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]]. Credit: Chandra Science Center and NASA.
  • This light curve of Her X-1 shows long term and medium term variability. Each pair of vertical lines delineate the eclipse of the compact object behind its companion star. In this case, the companion is a two solar-mass star with a radius of nearly four times that of the Sun. This eclipse shows us the orbital period of the system, 1.7 days.
  • opaque]].
  • International Year of Light 2015]]<br>([[Chandra X-Ray Observatory]]).
  • A launch of the Black Brant 8 Microcalorimeter (XQC-2) at the turn of the century is a part of the joint undertaking by the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] and [[NASA]]'s [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] known as the X-ray Quantum Calorimeter (XQC) project.
  • Orion]].
  • ultraviolet]] light (released 5 January 2016).
  • X-Rays from Pluto}}
  • ULX ray source]]</div>
  • Proportional Counter Array on the [[Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer]] (RXTE) satellite.
  • NRL scientists J. D. Purcell, C. Y. Johnson, and Dr. F. S. Johnson are among those recovering instruments from a V-2 used for upper atmospheric research above the New Mexico desert. This is V-2 number 54, launched January 18, 1951, (photo by Dr. Richard Tousey, NRL).
  • cycle 23]]. Credit: the Yohkoh mission of [[Institute of Space and Astronautical Science]] (ISAS, Japan) and [[NASA]] (US).
  • Ulysses' second orbit: it arrived at [[Jupiter]] on February 8, 1992, for a [[swing-by maneuver]] that increased its inclination to the [[ecliptic]] by 80.2 degrees.
  • The [[Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission]] contains a grazing incidence Wolter I telescope (XRT) to focus X-rays onto a state-of-the-art CCD.

X-ray astronomy         

[eksreiə'strɔnəmi]

общая лексика

рентгеновская астрономия

X-ray diffraction analysis         
  • Model of the arrangement of water molecules in ice, revealing the [[hydrogen bond]]s (1) that hold the solid together.
  • The incoming beam (coming from upper left) causes each scatterer to re-radiate a small portion of its intensity as a spherical wave. If scatterers are arranged symmetrically with a separation ''d'', these spherical waves will be in sync (add constructively) only in directions where their path-length difference 2''d'' sin θ equals an integer multiple of the [[wavelength]] λ. In that case, part of the incoming beam is deflected by an angle 2θ, producing a ''reflection'' spot in the [[diffraction pattern]].
  • Three methods of preparing crystals, A: Hanging drop. B: Sitting drop. C: Microdialysis
  • tetrahedrally]] and held together by single [[covalent bond]]s, making it strong in all directions. By contrast, graphite is composed of stacked sheets. Within the sheet, the bonding is covalent and has hexagonal symmetry, but there are no covalent bonds between the sheets, making graphite easy to cleave into flakes.
  • access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> The electron density is obtained from experimental data, and the ligand is modeled into this electron density.
  • Structure of a protein alpha helix, with stick-figures for the covalent bonding within electron density for the crystal structure at ultra-high-resolution (0.91&nbsp;Å). The density contours are in gray, the helix backbone in white, sidechains in cyan, O atoms in red, N atoms in blue, and hydrogen bonds as green dotted lines.<ref>From PDB file 2NRL, residues 17–32.</ref>
  • Animation showing the five motions possible with a four-circle kappa goniometer. The rotations about each of the four angles φ, κ, ω and 2θ leave the crystal within the X-ray beam, but change the crystal orientation. The detector (red box) can be slid closer or further away from the crystal, allowing higher resolution data to be taken (if closer) or better discernment of the Bragg peaks (if further away).
  • backbone]] from its N-terminus to its C-terminus.
  • Rocknest]]", October 17, 2012).<ref name="NASA-20121030" />
  • A protein crystal seen under a [[microscope]]. Crystals used in X-ray crystallography may be smaller than a millimeter across.
  • An X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystallized enzyme. The pattern of spots (''reflections'') and the relative strength of each spot (''intensities'') can be used to determine the structure of the enzyme.
  • Workflow for solving the structure of a molecule by X-ray crystallography.
TECHNIQUE USED FOR DETERMINING THE ATOMIC OR MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF A CRYSTAL, IN WHICH THE ORDERED ATOMS CAUSE A BEAM OF INCIDENT X-RAYS TO DIFFRACT INTO SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS
X-ray structure; X-Ray Crystallography; X-Ray Diffraction Pattern; X ray diffraction; X-ray diffraction analysis; Crystallography, x-ray; Protein Crystallography; Protein crystallography; Xray crystallography; Xray Crystallography; X-ray Crystallography; X-ray crystalography; Crystallographic resolution; Laue diffraction; X-ray diffraction; History of X-ray crystallography; X ray crystallography; X-ray single-crystal analysis; X-ray crystal structure; Single-crystal X-ray crystallography; X-ray crystallographer; Laue method; X-ray diffraction crystallography; Single-crystal X-ray diffraction; X-ray structural analysis

общая лексика

рентгеноструктурный анализ

строительное дело

рентгенографический дифракционный анализ (грунта)

X-ray diffraction pattern         
  • Model of the arrangement of water molecules in ice, revealing the [[hydrogen bond]]s (1) that hold the solid together.
  • The incoming beam (coming from upper left) causes each scatterer to re-radiate a small portion of its intensity as a spherical wave. If scatterers are arranged symmetrically with a separation ''d'', these spherical waves will be in sync (add constructively) only in directions where their path-length difference 2''d'' sin θ equals an integer multiple of the [[wavelength]] λ. In that case, part of the incoming beam is deflected by an angle 2θ, producing a ''reflection'' spot in the [[diffraction pattern]].
  • Three methods of preparing crystals, A: Hanging drop. B: Sitting drop. C: Microdialysis
  • tetrahedrally]] and held together by single [[covalent bond]]s, making it strong in all directions. By contrast, graphite is composed of stacked sheets. Within the sheet, the bonding is covalent and has hexagonal symmetry, but there are no covalent bonds between the sheets, making graphite easy to cleave into flakes.
  • access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> The electron density is obtained from experimental data, and the ligand is modeled into this electron density.
  • Structure of a protein alpha helix, with stick-figures for the covalent bonding within electron density for the crystal structure at ultra-high-resolution (0.91&nbsp;Å). The density contours are in gray, the helix backbone in white, sidechains in cyan, O atoms in red, N atoms in blue, and hydrogen bonds as green dotted lines.<ref>From PDB file 2NRL, residues 17–32.</ref>
  • Animation showing the five motions possible with a four-circle kappa goniometer. The rotations about each of the four angles φ, κ, ω and 2θ leave the crystal within the X-ray beam, but change the crystal orientation. The detector (red box) can be slid closer or further away from the crystal, allowing higher resolution data to be taken (if closer) or better discernment of the Bragg peaks (if further away).
  • backbone]] from its N-terminus to its C-terminus.
  • Rocknest]]", October 17, 2012).<ref name="NASA-20121030" />
  • A protein crystal seen under a [[microscope]]. Crystals used in X-ray crystallography may be smaller than a millimeter across.
  • An X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystallized enzyme. The pattern of spots (''reflections'') and the relative strength of each spot (''intensities'') can be used to determine the structure of the enzyme.
  • Workflow for solving the structure of a molecule by X-ray crystallography.
TECHNIQUE USED FOR DETERMINING THE ATOMIC OR MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF A CRYSTAL, IN WHICH THE ORDERED ATOMS CAUSE A BEAM OF INCIDENT X-RAYS TO DIFFRACT INTO SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS
X-ray structure; X-Ray Crystallography; X-Ray Diffraction Pattern; X ray diffraction; X-ray diffraction analysis; Crystallography, x-ray; Protein Crystallography; Protein crystallography; Xray crystallography; Xray Crystallography; X-ray Crystallography; X-ray crystalography; Crystallographic resolution; Laue diffraction; X-ray diffraction; History of X-ray crystallography; X ray crystallography; X-ray single-crystal analysis; X-ray crystal structure; Single-crystal X-ray crystallography; X-ray crystallographer; Laue method; X-ray diffraction crystallography; Single-crystal X-ray diffraction; X-ray structural analysis
дифракционная рентгеновская

Определение

АЛЬФОНС X
Мудрый (1221-84) , король Кастилии и Леона с 1252. Отвоевал у арабов Херес, Кадис и др. Централизаторская политика Альфонса Х натолкнулась на сопротивление знати, в 1282 фактически был лишен власти (править стал его сын Санчо).
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Википедия

X-ray astronomy

X-ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X-ray observation and detection from astronomical objects. X-radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so instruments to detect X-rays must be taken to high altitude by balloons, sounding rockets, and satellites. X-ray astronomy uses a type of space telescope that can see x-ray radiation which standard optical telescopes, such as the Mauna Kea Observatories, cannot.

X-ray emission is expected from astronomical objects that contain extremely hot gases at temperatures from about a million kelvin (K) to hundreds of millions of kelvin (MK). Moreover, the maintenance of the E-layer of ionized gas high in the Earth's thermosphere also suggested a strong extraterrestrial source of X-rays. Although theory predicted that the Sun and the stars would be prominent X-ray sources, there was no way to verify this because Earth's atmosphere blocks most extraterrestrial X-rays. It was not until ways of sending instrument packages to high altitudes were developed that these X-ray sources could be studied.

The existence of solar X-rays was confirmed early in the mid-twentieth century by V-2s converted to sounding rockets, and the detection of extra-terrestrial X-rays has been the primary or secondary mission of multiple satellites since 1958. The first cosmic (beyond the Solar System) X-ray source was discovered by a sounding rocket in 1962. Called Scorpius X-1 (Sco X-1) (the first X-ray source found in the constellation Scorpius), the X-ray emission of Scorpius X-1 is 10,000 times greater than its visual emission, whereas that of the Sun is about a million times less. In addition, the energy output in X-rays is 100,000 times greater than the total emission of the Sun in all wavelengths.

Many thousands of X-ray sources have since been discovered. In addition, the intergalactic space in galaxy clusters is filled with a hot, but very dilute gas at a temperature between 100 and 1000 megakelvins (MK). The total amount of hot gas is five to ten times the total mass in the visible galaxies.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray astronomy
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